推进生态文明建设,建立环境污染损害鉴定评估机制

面对日益严重的环境问题,胡锦涛在十八大报告中提出要加强生态文明制度建设,要健全生态环境保护责任追究制度和环境损害赔偿制度。然而作为环境保护责任追究制度和环境损害赔偿制度基础的环境污染损害鉴定评估机制不论是在理论还是在立法、司法以及执法方面在我国均属空白。本文在生态文明视野下,总结了环境污染损害鉴定评估机制建立的意义以及建立过程中可能存在的问题,对于提高人们建立鉴定评估机制的意识有帮助,然而具体落实到实践活动这一过程还有待接下来的研究。     

以工作页为载体的完整行动模式教学研究与实践——以“数控机床装调与维修”课程为例

结合"数控机床装调与维修"课程,以"FANUC PMC工作方式控制"项目为例,开发了基于完整行动序列"资讯—计划—决策—实施—检查—评价"的工作页,并以此为载体,进行了理实一体化教学研究与实践,以培养学生职业能力,提高学生职业素养。     

Creep behavior and failure mechanisms of CVI and PIP SiC/SiC composites at temperatures to 1650 °C in air

Creep properties of 2D woven CVI and PIP SiC/SiC composites with Sylramic™-iBN SiC fibers were measured at temperatures to 1650 °C in air and the data was compared with the literature. Batch-to-batch variations in the tensile and creep properties, and thermal treatment effects on creep, creep parameters, damage mechanisms, and failure modes for these composites were studied. Under the test conditions, the CVI SiC/SiC composites exhibited both matrix and fiber-dominated creep depending on stress, whereas the PIP SiC/SiC composites displayed only fiber-dominated creep. Creep durability in both composite systems is controlled by the most creep resistant phase as well as oxidation of the fibers via cracking matrix. Specimen-to- specimen variations in porosity and stress raisers caused significant differences in creep behavior and durability. The Larson-Miller parameter and Monkman-Grant relationship were used wherever applicable for analyzing and predicting creep durability.     

咪唑啉型缓蚀剂的合成及其缓蚀机理的研究

以棕榈酸、二乙烯三胺、马来酸酐为原料合成了一种咪唑啉型缓蚀剂YQ-01,与YQ-02复配后得到能有效抑制二氧化碳腐蚀的缓蚀体系YQ-03。应用静态挂片失重法、电化学极化曲线、X射线光电子能谱分析研究了YQ-03抑制二氧化碳腐蚀的电化学特征,分析了腐蚀前、后及加入缓蚀体系YQ-03后A3钢的表面产物,探讨了YQ-03的缓蚀机理。结果表明,由主剂YQ-01和助剂YQ-02组成的复配缓蚀体系有良好的协同作用,腐蚀产物膜有3层,能有效抑制饱和CO2的高矿化度盐水对A3钢的腐蚀。     

Application of High Temperature Corrosion-Resistant Materials and Coatings Under Severe Corrosive Environment in Waste-to-Energy Boilers

Corrosion-resistant materials (CRMs) and coatings are key technologies to increase power generation efficiency and reduce maintenance in waste-to-energy (WTE) plants. Corrosion environment became severe as steam temperatures have increased. The steam condition of more than 400 °C/3.9 MPa became possible in WTE boilers by using highly durable corrosion-resistant coatings, such as thermal spray of Al/80Ni20Cr alloy, HVOF-sprayed NiCrSiB alloy, Alloy 625 weld overlay for waterwall tubes and also superheater tubes. Also, the use of 310S type stainless steels and high Cr-high Mo-Ni base and high Si-Cr-Ni-Fe alloys have progressed because of a better understanding of corrosion mechanisms. Furthermore, high durability coatings using cermet and ceramic materials were applied to high temperature superheaters. This paper describes the major developments and the application of CRMs and coating technologies in the last 30 years in WTE plants, the corrosion mechanisms of alloys, the deterioration mechanisms of spray coating layers, and future subjects for the development of corrosion-resistant materials and coatings.     

Thermodynamic properties and mixing thermodynamic parameters of Ba-Al, Mg-Al, Sr-Al and Cu-Al metallic melts

Application of equations of mixing thermodynamic parameters formulated on the basis of the coexistence theory of metallic melts in Ba-Al, Mg-Al, Sr-Al and Cu-Al melts leads to fruitful results that not only the evaluated mass action concentrations agree well with the measured activities, but also the calculated mixing thermodynamic parameters are quite coincident with the experimental values. Moreover, the calculated mass action concentrations strictly obey the mass action law. The evaluated mixing thermodynamic parameters have very fine regularity: the mixing free energy is composed of standard free formation energies of all compounds and chemical potentials of all structural units at equilibrium; the mixing enthalpy consists of standard formation enthalpies of all compounds; the mixing entropy is composed of standard entropies of all compounds and configuration entropies of all structural units at equilibrium. As the equations of mixing thermodynamic parameters formulated are widely applicable to metallic melts involving compound formation, they can be used as the second practical criterion to determine whether thermodynamic models of metallic melts are correctly formulated.     

High-temperature oxidation of directionally solidified Ni-Cr-Nb-AI (γ/γ′-δ) eutectic alloys

The oxidation of Ni-23.1Nb-4.4Al and Ni-19.7Nb-6 Cr-2.5Al alloys in air at temperatures in the range 870–1100°C has been studied for times up to 168 hr, in the as-cast, slowly cooled, and directionally solidified forms. The oxidation rate decreases with increasing temperature for the ternary alloy, and this appears to be due to the increasing tendency to establish a continuous Al₂O₃ layer at the metal surface, although at no temperature in this range is a complete layer established. At the lowest temperature the -Ni₃Nb lamellae are preferentially oxidized, with fingers of oxide extending into the metal, but at 900°C and above a continuous single-phase 8-free layer is established at the metal surface very early in the oxidation. The oxidation rate of the quaternary alloy increases with increasing temperature. At the lower temperatures a continuous Al₂O₃ layer is established at the metal surface, but at the highest temperature the aluminum oxidizes internally and a continuous layer is not established, internal oxidation penetrating down the lamellae. It appears that niobium, like chromium, is able to promote the formation of external Al₂O₃ layers; if this fact is accepted, the beneficial role of chromium in these alloys is difficult to explain.     

对Al-Cu合金中α-Al及Al2Cu生长行为的探讨

研究了Al-Cu合金中α-Al和Al2Cu的生长行为,分析了初生α-Al及初生Al2Cu作为共晶核心形核的能力.结果发现,在过共晶组织中,初生相Al2Cu形貌大部分有明显的拐角,观察其平面有的呈矩形,呈现小面生长特性.而α-Al与Al2Cu共晶生长时,Al2Cu择优生长特征削弱,与α-Al耦合生长呈现非小面-非小面生长,表明Al2Cu在不同的生长阶段表现出的生长行为不同.在亚共晶组织中,初生相α-Al周围形成离异共晶的Al2Cu,而过共晶组织中初生相Al2Cu周围没有离异共晶的α-Al,表明初生相Al2Cu作为共晶层片核心的能力比初生相α-Al作为共晶层片核心的能力强.     

全自动双色注射模设计

介绍了全自动双色注射模具的技术要求和模具结构设计及动作流程 ,以实例分析了全自动双色注射模具的动作顺序