醇醚类双子表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以对苯氧基双月桂酸甲酯为原料,在还原剂作用下制得中间体对苯氧基双月桂醇(HBA),再在碱性条件下进行乙氧基化,得到醇醚类Gemini表面活性剂HBA(EO)n(n=9,20 4)。通过红外光谱和质谱分析确定了中间体及产物结构,测定了HBA(EO)n的物化性能结果如下:HBA(EO)20 4的γcmc=38 23mN/m;HBA(EO)9=0 001%;cmcHBA(EO)9=0 0001%。乳化时间:HBA(EO)20 4为17 36h;的γcmc=31 61mN/m。cmcHBA(EO)20 4HBA(EO)9为8 00h。浊点:HBA(EO)20 4>100℃;HBA(EO)9为90℃。湿润时间:HBA(EO)20 4为20 83s;HBA(EO)9为11 23s。泡沫高度:HBA(EO)20 4为40mm;HBA(EO)9为95mm。泡沫稳定性:HBA(EO)20 4为2%;HBA(EO)9为8%。与单链表面活性剂AEOn(n=4 5,10 2)相比较,HBA(EO)n具有更优良的表面活性。     

二氧化硫浸锰制备高纯碳酸锰

采用湘潭低品位的贫软锰矿为原料，对二氧化硫气体湿法浸锰、浸出液除杂、碳化结晶制备高纯碳酸锰的工艺进行了研究。实验得到二氧化硫浸锰的最佳工艺条件为：浸锰温度150～155℃，液固质量比3：1，二氧化硫体积分数6％～7％、流速1．5～2．0mL／min，浸锰时间3．0～3．5h。按该条件浸锰，锰的浸出率可达95％以上。该工艺为贫软锰矿的开发利用及有色金属冶炼厂二氧化硫废气的综合治理开辟了一条新途径。     

表面活性剂对HCl-FeCl3溶液中锌精矿在浆萃取浸出率的影响

The effects of surfactant on the solvent extraction in leaching sphalerite were investigated. It is found that sodium dodecyl sulfonate is the effective surfactant in improving the zinc recovery from sphalerite in the aqueous FeCl3-HCl-tetrachloroethylene system. Through the measurements of surface tension and viscosity of the sphalerite slurry modified with different surfactants, it is concluded that sodium dodecyl sulfonate in the concentration range of 0.05 to 0.2g L-1 can improve the viscosity of sphalerite slurry in the water, decrease the surface tension of leaching solution, prevent the aggregation of ore particles, and give very high zinc extraction .     

Study of the amination of fatty alcohols catalyzed by Cu−Ni catalysts

Amination of fatty alcohols by hydrogenation and dehydrogenation catalysis is one of the main commercial processes for the production of dimethylalkylamines. The key factor in this process is the preparation of catalysts with high selectivity. A study of amination catalyzed by Cu−Ni catalysts supported on CaCO₃ is reported in this paper. Selectivity of the catalysts was adjustable by varying the ratio of Cu to Ni or by adding a third element (Zn or Mg). The promotion of catalyst selectivity was mainly attributable to the effect of the components on the reducibility of Ni²⁺ in the catalysts. Lower reducibility of Ni²⁻ led to higher catalyst selectivity.     

A comparison of the ethoxylation of a fatty alcohol,fatty acid,and dimethiconol

Knowing that dimethiconols or silanols condense under acid or alkaline catalysis, a study was undertaken to determine if these compounds could be successfully ethoxylated under conditions similar to those used to ethoxylate fatty alcohols and acids. It was anticipated that the condensation reaction would take precedent over ethoxylation reaction. We determined that ethoxylation reaction occurs preferentially to condensation reaction. In addition, kinetics of ethoxylation are similar to kinetics observed when fatty alcohols are ethoxylated. This reaction gives rise to a new class of hydrolyzable silicone compounds that have applications in industrial as well as in personal-care products.     

Effects of soil solution on the dynamics of N2O emissions: a review

In this review, which consists of two parts, major interactions between nitrous oxide (N₂>O) and soil solution are described. In the first part, as an introduction, concentrations of dissolved N₂>O in different aqueous systems are summarized. An inventory of data on maximal N₂>O concentrations in soil solution (up to 9984 g N₂>O-N l^–1>) and in soil air (up to 8300 ppm) from literature is presented. The peak N₂>O concentrations represent a N₂>O supersaturation in the soil solution up to 30000 times with respect to ambient air and a soil air N₂>O concentration about 25000 times higher than in the atmosphere. The main physico–chemical parameters (solubility, diffusion) controlling N₂>O distribution between soil solution and soil air are outlined. The influences of cultivation practice, nitrogen turnover, water content and temperature on N₂>O a ccumulation in soil solution and soil air are reviewed. In the second part some models of N₂>O dynamics in soils are discussed with emphasis on N₂>O transport processes. A simple qualitative scheme is developed to categorize the effects of the soil solution on N₂>O dynamics in soils. In this scheme the temporary, intensive N₂>O oversaturation of the soil solution is interpreted as a result of gas diffusion inhibition by water (barrier function of soil solution) resulting in an accumulation of N₂>O. In addition, N₂>O supersaturation is an indication that transitory much N₂>O can be stored in the soil solution (storage function of soil solution). Where the soil solution flows up-, down- or sidewards it can act as a relevant transport medium for dissolved N₂>O (transport function of soil solution). This scheme is applied to examples from the literature.     

溶液共混法制备高强度淀粉基完全生物降解塑料薄膜

利用一步溶液共混法，将预糊化的淀粉糊与PvA溶液共混，用乙二醛进行交联，制备淀粉／聚乙烯醇（PVA）完全生物降解塑料薄膜。研究不同乙二醛和甘油的用量对薄膜性能的影响。薄膜的力学性能、热性能和微观形态表征表明，淀粉／PvA体系具有较好的相容性和较高的力学性能，薄膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别可达到28．52MPa和307．5％。     

涤纶废产物用于制备聚氨酯泡沫塑料

将涤纶废产物用二甘醇和三元醇经酯基转移合成齐聚酯多元醇，并用其制备聚氨酯硬质泡沫塑料。该泡沫塑料具有良好的力学性能，且随着齐聚酯多元醇平均官能度的影响，力学性能随之提高；由于齐聚酯多元醇中芳香族基团含量高，泡沫塑料的铖一明显高于普通聚氨酯泡沫塑料。     

P_2O_5影响Na_2O-B_2O_3-SiO_2系玻璃结构与性质的特殊性

本文通过不混溶温度的确定,分相玻璃沥滤速率的测定以及NMR定量分析,研究了P_2O_6对Na_2O-B_2O_3-SiO_2系统玻璃结构和沥滤性质的影响。结果表明,P_2O_5在很大程度上促进钠硼硅分相玻璃的沥滤并非压抑“硼反常”所致,而是由以下三种因素综合作用的结果:(1)P_2O_5促进了钠硼硅玻璃的分相,使连通富硅相骨架尺寸增大;(2)P_2O_5的加入使富硅相骨架间隙中沉积的SiO_2量减少,减小了可溶相扩散阻力;(3)P_2O_5也使可溶相的溶解速率加快。     

PVA基活性碳纤维的研制

探索了由民用大丝束聚乙烯醇纤维(PVAF)试制活性碳纤维(ACF)的可能性,以开辟新的原料路线,降低产品成本。PVAF首先用脱水剂处理,脱水剂浓度为10%(质量),然后在200—300℃进行热处理,处理后的纤维再经预氧化和碳化活化转化为ACF,ACF的收率为37.7%,比表面积为1050m~2/g。此外,还探索了用O_3处理PVAF。用差热、热失重和红外等手段对产物进行了表征,推论了相应的反应机理。结果表明:经适当处理的PVAF可制得具有较好吸附性能的ACF。