Seed-germination inhibition by volatile alcohols and other compounds associated withAmaranthus palmeri residues

Effects of 3-pentanone and eight low molecular weight aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes identifed in the mixtures of volatiles released byAmaranthus palmeri S. Wats. (AMAPA) residues were determined on germination of onion, carrot, AMAPA, and tomato seeds. Three-day exposures to these volatiles significantly inhibited germination of these assay seeds, and the inhibition was dependent upon exposure time and concentration. Based on the degree of inhibition observed in both time- and concentration-dependent assays, the following activity series was obtained: 2-heptanol > 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-hexanol > hexanal, 1-pentanol, 3-pentanone, acetaldehyde > ethanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol. The activities of this group of compounds with that of 2-heptanone appear to be additive and related to test compound volatility and hydrophilicity. 2-Heptanol and 2-heptanone also significantly inhibited the germination of other species, including shepherdspurse, soybean, lettuce, alfalfa, common purslane, oats, and lovegrass.Name of companies or commercial products are given solely for the purpose of providing specific information; their mention does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over others not mentioned.     

Methoxymethylation of Alcohols Catalyzed by Sulfated Metal Oxides

More acidic sulfated metal oxides (SMO) such as SO₄ ^2-/ZrO₂ and SO₄ ^2-/TiO₂ catalyzed the methoxymethylation of alcohols with dimethoxymethane at ambient temperature to achieve a product yield of greater than 90% within a few hours. The reaction displayed a significant steric effect on the product yield with a preferential order of primary alcohol > secondary alcohol tertiary alcohol. The observed steric effect might result from the repulsion between the bulky alkyl group in the alcohol and the two methoxy groups in the protonated dimethoxymethane (oxonium ion).     

Cu/Fe组成对CuFe基低碳醇催化剂的反应性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Cu/Fe摩尔比的CuFe基低碳醇催化剂,采用XRD、XPS、BET、H2-TPR等手段对其进行了表征,并对其CO加氢合成低碳醇性能进行了考察。结果表明,随着Cu/Fe摩尔比的增大,总醇和C2+OH选择性明显升高,醇的链增长因子则由0.29升至0.39,且其醇产物分布符合Anderson-Schulz-Flory(A-S-F)分布。随着Cu/Fe摩尔比的增加,表面金属元素更多的以CuFe2O4、CuMn2O4等复合金属氧化物的形式存在,Cu-Fe协同作用增强,这有利于提高催化剂的醇选择性和C2+OH选择性;同时,随着Cu/Fe摩尔比的增大,孔径与孔体积的明显增大,这也有利于提高C2+OH选择性。     

生物制剂调控浓香型白酒高级醇产量

为了探讨生物制剂对于浓香型白酒高级醇产生的影响,调控高级醇的产量,采用实验室模拟固态发酵的方法,通过添加生物制剂,测定高级醇的产量,利用正交试验、二次多项式逐步回归和响应面分析法,建立生物制剂添加量同白酒中高级醇生成量的关系。结果表明:添加活性干酵母0.8%、糖化酶1 000U/g、α-淀粉酶50U/g时,高级醇总量比空白降低了21.06%。构建的数学模型,可以预测不同干酵母、α-淀粉酶、糖化酶的添加量时高级醇产量,从而达到在既满足浓香型白酒应有风味的同时,又能有效地调控高级醇产量,提高浓香型白酒的品质的目的。     

Characterization of Oleogels Based on Waxes and Their Hydrolyzates

In this paper, the structuring of liquid oils, also known as oleogelation, is systematically investigated for the first time using a quasi-quaternary mixing system approach. Native waxes with different quantities of wax esters (WE), n-alkanes (hydrocarbons (HC)), fatty acids (FA), and fatty alcohols (FaOH) are applied in mixtures with hydrolyzed waxes to systematically change the composition. Hydrolyzed waxes contain high levels of FA and FaOH. The model systems are investigated on microscopic level (brightfield light microscopy (BFM), cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM)) as well as on their macroscopic properties (rheology, gel hardness) and calorimetric behavior (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)). It is found that sunflower wax (SFW)-based gels (12% structurant) become less hard on any admixture. Beeswax (BW)-based gels show significant increases in hardness when 25% and 50% (w/w) hydrolyzate are admixed. This could be related to stepwise crystallization. Further analysis reveals that the dissolution/melting behavior of the wax ester mixtures can be surprisingly well described as ideal solubility of a single pseudocomponent. The approach to unravel the individual contributions of the different species present in waxes is successful and marks a first step to better understand the systematic of wax functionality as oleogelators. Practical Application: The substitution of hardstock fats in structured oil phases is of interest for two reasons. The improved nutritional profile oleogels offer are beneficial for public health while the elimination of palm oil based ingredients appears to be a general public desire. Among the technical solutions for non-TAG oil structuring waxes are very promising. This is primarily due to their availability, prior consumption, potentially low cost for functionality. Currently waxes are technically and scientifically wrongly treated as single components. In order to better utilize the potential of waxes and design future sourcing strategies it is necessary to understand the wax functionality at a compositional/molecular level. This contribution marks the first step into this direction by considering classes of molecules with respect to their contribution to functionality. This understanding is considered as a key for future compositional design.     

酱香白酒酿造过程中产多元醇功能酵母的筛选

为了解酱香型白酒酿造过程中产多元醇酵母的种类和功能,以酱香型白酒大曲和酒醅中分离的酵母为研究对象,采用薄层层析法和高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器法（HPLC-ELSD）对具有产多元醇功能的酵母进行筛选和多元醇定性、定量分析。实验结果显示,从142株酵母菌中筛选出5株具有产多元醇功能的酵母菌娄德酵母（Lodderomyces elongisporus） FBKL2.0073、库得毕赤酵母（Pichia kudriavzevii） FBKL2.0008、Trichosporon coremiiforme FBKL2.0310、Trichosporon coremiiforme FBKL2.0307和Trichosporonoides sp. FBKL2.0315,其中前4株菌都能产D-阿拉伯糖醇,L. elongisporus FBKL2.0073菌株产多元醇的总量最多,为（9.87±0.85） g/L。     

A flow microcalorimetry investigation of the toxicity effects induced by aliphatic alcohols in a heterogeneous aerobic culture

An extensive investigation of the influence of aliphatic alcohols on the metabolic activity of a heterogeneous culture has been carried out using flow microcalorimetry as a monitoring technique. The response of the culture to the addition of alcohols (n-C₃ to n-C₈, t-C₄) has been examined for the microorganisms under endogenous conditions and substrate saturation conditions, and IC₅₀ values were determined for each state. For the n-alcohols, the inhibitory behavior was further examined through systematic variations of substrate and alcohol concentrations; the results yield inhibition patterns which show specific behavior both as function of alcohol concentration and alcohol chain length. Generally, the toxicity results obtained with the heterogeneous culture follow rather closely those found in homogeneous cultures. However, the initial effect of alcohols at low concentration show marked variations among various types of culture or when compared to other reference systems.     

费托合成水相副产物混合醇分离脱水工艺模拟及优化

针对费托合成水相副产物混合醇的回收问题,通过对混合醇的物性进行分析结合流程模拟软件Aspen Plus,开发了一种费托合成水相副产混合醇分离脱水工艺。运用Aspen Plus中的灵敏度分析工具计算出各塔理论板数、进料位置、回流比等操作参数,并对全工艺流程进行节能分析,提出了最优的工艺流程。模拟计算结果表明,该工艺得到的合成水中含醇量为PPM级,混合醇回收率很高,得到的混合醇产品含水量小于1%,优化后的工艺节能42%。     

葡萄酒酿造中高级醇的形成机制与调节

高级醇是酵母酒精发酵阶段自身代谢形成的,其中可以检测出的高级醇种类主要有30多种.葡萄酒酿造过程中,高级醇的生成途径主要有氨基酸降解代谢途径和糖类物质合成途径.高级醇的生成与发酵醪液的pH值、α-氨基酸态氮含量、含氧量、发酵液糖浓度、发酵温度、酵母菌种及其接种量等因素有关,控制发酵醪液pH值、α-氨基酸态氮含量、可发酵性糖、含氧量、发酵工艺条件、酵 母菌种及其接种量可有效控制葡萄酒中高级醇含量.     

一种油浸式电力变压器纸绝缘老化评估新特征量

针对油中糠醛含量随变压器运行时间变化的分散性较大,难以准确评估油浸式变压器纸绝缘老化状态的不足,对甲醇、乙醇等低分子醇作为变压器纸绝缘老化评估新特征量进行了理论分析与实验研究。对绝缘纸的老化机理以及化学键断裂进行分析,从理论上探究甲醇、乙醇等低分子醇的产生原理及主要生成途径。采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对现场2台老旧变压器绝缘油样品中的甲醇、乙醇及糠醛含量进行了测定。实验结果表明,2组样品中均未检测到糠醛,但却检测到数量可观的乙醇。进一步地,对现场2台刚投运变压器的检测结果对比分析,分析结果揭示了乙醇可以作为一种有效表征变压器绝缘纸老化的新特征量,且比糠醛特征量相比更为有效。