烷基二苯并噻吩类化合物的运移示踪：基于驱替实验和分子模拟的研究

原油中烷基二苯并噻吩类化合物沿运移路径的分布,除了受地质色层分馏效应的影响,还受到有机质来源、成熟度、沉积环境等多种因素的影响。为了研究地质色层分馏效应单一因素下烷基二苯并噻吩类的运移示踪规律,在驱替模拟实验的基础上,用气相色谱-质谱方法剖析了驱替路径上该类化合物的分布特征和运移分馏规律,并从分子模拟角度进行了佐证。结果表明：随着运移距离的增加,吸附油中二苯并噻吩（DBT）、甲基二苯并噻吩（MDBT）和二甲基二苯并噻吩（DMDBT）的绝对浓度均呈现递减趋势;参数4-/1-MDBT、4,6-/（1,4+1,6）-DMDBT和4,6-/2,4-DMDBT显著减小,而参数2,4-/（1,4+1,6）-DMDBT和（2,6+3,6）/（1,4+1,6）-DMDBT则呈现出显著的上升趋势。根据分子模拟结果,发现烷基二苯并噻吩类与水介质之间吸附作用的强弱同时与化合物的Connolly分子表面积及偶极矩紧密相关,表面积和偶极矩越大,分子越容易与地层介质中的水分子发生吸附作用,且分子偶极矩的差异影响更显著。     

磁致伸缩式液位计的原理和应用

阐述了磁致伸缩式液位计的基本原理、特点和典型配置,以及在石化行业的主要应用。在与其他传统液位计进行比较后,以油罐液位的测量和烷基铝储罐液位的测量为例,说明磁致伸缩式液位计的应用优势。实践证明磁致伸缩式液位计特别适合化工原料和易燃液体的测量,效果良好。     

羟烷基醋酸纤维素超滤膜

研究用羟烷基醋酸纤维素制成的超滤膜及其传递性质。在0.2MPa压力下,膜的截留率为92.10％～99.93％(0.05％BSA溶液),透水率为25.9～91.5ml/cm~2·h。讨论了聚合物浓度用不同官能团的有机物作第二添加剂时,其蒸发时间和凝胶介质种类,凝胶溚温度与膜性能的关系。实验结果表明,当选用能与聚合物形成氢键的有机物作第二添加剂时,由于聚合物在溶剂中的溶介能力增加可改善膜性能。     

1-甲基-3-烷基咪唑/AlCl3催化合成反丁烯二酸二甲酯

研究了顺丁烯酸酐和甲醇在1-甲基-3-烷基咪唑/AlCl3催化使用下，经异构化和酯化反应合成反丁烯二酸二甲酯化合物，用统计序贯实验设计方法对合成过程进行了优化。开发了一条产品收率高，与盐酸，三氯化钕等催化工艺相比具有无腐蚀、无污染，价廉等优点的制备工艺，实验结果表明，1-甲基-3-烷基咪唑/AlCl3催化剂具有异构化和酯化两种催化作用，省去了以顺丁烯二酸酐为原料先制备富马酸中间产品的过程，反应条件温和，操作简便，一步法即可得到产品，其纯度为99.4%，最佳工艺条件为：催化剂用量与顺丁烯二酸酐摩尔比为0.17：1，甲醇与顺丁烯二酸酐摩尔比为4.01：1，反应温度为93.0℃，反应时间为5.0小时，在实验条件下，反丁烯二酸二甲酯的收率达到90%。     

Enzymatic preparation of ricinoleic acid esters of long-chain monohydric alcohols and properties of the esters

Apart from the conventional chemical esterification process, long-chain alkyl ricinoleates also can be prepared by enzymatic esterification or by enzymatic alcoholysis with high yield and without undesirable side reactions. On sulfonation to the hydroxyl group, the alkyl ricinoleates produce surface-active compounds. The tetradecyl ricinoleate shows the best surface-active behavior and seems to be much better than that of sulfonated castor oil commonly known as “Turkey Red Oil”.     

α-Sulfonated fatty acid esters: I. Structural effects of sodium α-sulfonated fatty acid higher alcohol esters on surface-active properties and emulsification ability

The surface-active properties and emulsification ability of sodium α-sulfonated fatty acid esters, C_mH_2m+1CH-(SO₃Na)COOC_nH_2n+1, were studied as a function of the hydrophobic alkyl chainlength in the fatty acid (m=8−16) and the alcohol (n=8−18). As a result, it was discovered that sodium α-sulfonated fatty acid esters have a structural effect on the Krafft point different from that of amphiphiles with short alkyl chains. Moreover, some of the α-sulfonated fatty acid esters have quite low interfacial tensions, as well as non-foaming properties, which depend upon the total (m+n) number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chains.     

Viscosities of Nonelectrolyte Liquid Mixtures Containing Acrylonitrile

The measurements of viscosity are reported for seven binary mixtures of acrylonitrile (AN) with ethanenitrile (EN), methyl acetate (MA), ethyl acetate (EA), n-butyl acetate (BA), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMA), and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) at 303.15 K temperature. The viscosity data have been correlated with the equations of Grunberg and Nissan; Hind, McLaughlin, and Ubbelohde; Tamura and Kurata; Katti and Chaudhri; McAllister; Heric and Brewer; and of Auslaender. The relations between the viscosity deviations , excess Gibbs energy of activation G*^E of viscous flow, and the intermolecular interaction in these mixtures are discussed.     

高密度高热安定烷基金刚烃燃料的合成及性质研究进展

烷基金刚烃具有高密度和高热安定性等特点,可为航空航天飞行器提供充足的推进能量和冷却能力。综述了烷基金刚烃燃料的合成进展,包括多环烷烃重排反应和金刚烷基化合物烷基化反应。分析了重排反应受热力学控制的特性,结合量子化学计算与实验产物分布推测重排反应路径;讨论了以金刚烷基化合物为原料烷基化反应具有区域选择性,能够实现定向合成指定烷基结构(甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基等)的金刚烃。同时,总结了烷基金刚烃燃料性质,归纳了针对烷基金刚烃燃料热安定性的评价方法和结果,分析了构效关系。其中,烷基金刚烃的密度和分子结构的紧凑程度有关,取代烷基链越长,密度越低,黏度越大;烷基金刚烃碳环数越多,密度越大。燃料的冰点和分子结构对称性有关,对称度越低,冰点越低。碳氢燃料热安定性主要由分子结构中包含的碳原子的种类及数量决定,其中各种碳原子稳定性顺序为季碳原子>伯碳原子>仲碳原子>叔碳原子。因此,未来有望采用具有区域选择性的高效合成方法,将烷基定向取代于金刚烃母体的叔碳原子上,实现从叔碳原子到季碳原子的转变,提升热安定性的同时保持烷基金刚烃较高的密度,这为未来定向高通量合成高密度、高热安定烷基金刚烃燃料提供了新的思路。     

Increased Emulsion Stability for Reverse Y‐Shaped Sugar‐Based Surfactants

A series of reverse Y‐shaped surfactants containing aromatic and aliphatic linkers to combine two short hydrocarbon chains and one carbohydrate head group was prepared. Liquid crystalline behavior, air–water interfacial properties, and efficiency as an emulsifier was investigated for each reverse Y‐shaped surfactant. All reverse Y‐shaped surfactants mediated higher emulsion stabilities for water‐in‐oil compared to common typical reference surfactants, reflecting an improved ability to cope with a curvature towards water. The introduction of a benzene ring into the linker substantially increased the affinity of the surfactant for hydrophobic media, resulting in improved emulsion stability for both water‐in‐oil and oil‐in‐water.