单酶水解豆芽蛋白及其产物的潜在致敏性

目的优化豆芽蛋白酶水解的条件,并探讨其致敏性的变化。方法利用Alcalase 2.4L碱性蛋白酶水解豆芽蛋白,以水解度为评价指标,根据单因素实验优化豆芽蛋白的酶水解条件,并通过IgG、IgE的结合实验评估酶解产物潜在致敏性的变化。结果酶水解豆芽蛋白的优化工艺条件:底物浓度为8%、酶与底物比(E/S)为1:20(m:m)、酶解时间为4 h。豆芽蛋白酶水解产物的抗原性低于大豆蛋白酶解产物的抗原性,但豆芽蛋白水解产物的IgE结合能力高于大豆蛋白酶解产物的IgE结合能力。结论大豆经过发芽处理后再用Alcalase2.4L轻度水解能有效降低大豆蛋白的潜在致敏性。     

加工对鸡蛋过敏原的影响

卵类黏蛋白、卵白蛋白、卵转铁蛋白和溶菌酶是鸡蛋中的主要过敏原,适当的物理、化学和生物加工可以降低它们的致敏性。其中物理法生产的低致敏性蛋制品可供鸡蛋轻微过敏人群食用或作为免疫治疗药物;而化学和生物法制备的低过敏鸡蛋制品存在安全风险,它能否应用于生产,还有待进一步研究。另外,各种加工方法可以影响过敏原蛋白二硫键及高级结构甚至一级结构,从而导致该蛋白的致敏性发生变化。总之,加工对鸡蛋过敏原结构和致敏性的影响仍然是值得深入探索的科学问题,对指导生产和研发低致敏性或无致敏性蛋制品具有重要作用。     

亚麻酸对乳蛋白理化性质与免疫球蛋白G/E结合能力的影响

目的 探索亚麻酸对乳蛋白理化性质与免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin,Ig) G/E (IgG/IgE)结合能力的影响。方法 以α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白为实验材料,通过非还原性十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)、扫描电镜、粒径以及Zeta电位、间接竞争酶联免疫吸附试验法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)评价亚麻酸对乳蛋白理化性质以及IgG/IgE结合能力的影响。结果 亚麻酸能够增强乳蛋白的IgG/IgE结合能力,并且通过扫描电镜、粒径以及Zeta电位结果发现,亚麻酸的加入导致α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白的颗粒变大,粒径变大,并且稳定性更强,说明亚麻酸诱导乳蛋白发生了分子间的聚合,形成高聚物。结论 亚麻酸可诱导α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白形成聚合物,并能促进IgG/IgE结合能力增强。     

臭氧处理对牛乳乳清蛋白的结构及致敏性的影响

以牛乳乳清蛋白为研究对象,探究臭氧处理对乳清蛋白的结构及致敏性的影响。分别测定臭氧处理0、5、10、15、20 s和25 s后乳清蛋白氨基酸组分、巯基和二硫键含量的变化,并采用圆二色光谱仪、紫外分光光度计和荧光分光光度计等光谱学技术分析其结构变化,最后利用间接竞争酶联免疫吸附剂测定（enzyme linked immunosorbentassay,ELISA）分析体外特异性抗体的结合能力变化,用于评估潜在的致敏性。结果表明,臭氧处理会使乳清蛋白中部分氨基酸的含量降低,游离巯基含量由5.78μmol/g减少至2.13μmol/g,总巯基含量由14.98μmol/g减少至12.97μmol/g,二硫键含量则由4.60μmol/g升高至5.42μmol/g。光谱学分析表明,臭氧处理后乳清蛋白的二级结构改变、三级结构变得松散,但随着处理时间的延长,部分蛋白分子之间相互聚集,二硫键的增加也使乳清蛋白的空间结构重归有序。间接竞争ELISA的结果表明臭氧处理后乳清蛋白的致敏性明显下降。综上所述,臭氧处理在降低乳清蛋白致敏性、提高乳蛋白食品安全性上具有良好的研究潜力和开发前景。     

Xylanase Inhibitors: Defense Players in Plant Immunity with Implications in Agro-Industrial Processing

Xylanase inhibitors (XIs) are plant cell wall proteins largely distributed in monocots that inhibit the hemicellulose degrading activity of microbial xylanases. XIs have been classified into three classes with different structures and inhibition specificities, namely Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitors (TAXI), xylanase inhibitor proteins (XIP), and thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitors (TLXI). Their involvement in plant defense has been established by several reports. Additionally, these inhibitors have considerable economic relevance because they interfere with the activity of xylanases applied in several agro-industrial processes. Previous reviews highlighted the structural and biochemical properties of XIs and hypothesized their role in plant defense. Here, we aimed to update the information on the genomic organization of XI encoding genes, the inhibition properties of XIs against microbial xylanases, and the structural properties of xylanase-XI interaction. We also deepened the knowledge of XI regulation mechanisms in planta and their involvement in plant defense. Finally, we reported the recently studied strategies to reduce the negative impact of XIs in agro-industrial processes and mentioned their allergenicity potential.     

降低烘烤花生致敏性的蛋白酶筛选

花生经过烘烤后致敏性增强,水解是降低过敏原致敏性最有效的方法,研究的目的在于筛选有效降低烘烤花生致敏性的蛋白酶.结果表明：Alcalase蛋白酶脱敏效果最好,胃蛋白酶作用效果最不明显.水解效率高的Alcalase、Flavorzyme、Protamex和Protease M蛋白酶两两组合水解花生蛋白,较之单酶水解情况,水解度提高显著,但是花生致敏性降低并不明显,因此研究中Alcalase碱性蛋白酶是降低烘烤花生致敏性的最佳用酶.     

Application of emerging technologies to obtain legume protein isolates with improved techno-functional properties and health effects

Current demand of consumers for healthy and sustainable food products has led the industry to search for different sources of plant protein isolates and concentrates. Legumes represent an excellent nonanimal protein source with high-protein content. Legume species are distributed in a wide range of ecological conditions, including regions with drought conditions, making them a sustainable crop in a context of global warming. However, their use as human food is limited by the presence of antinutritional factors, such as protease inhibitors, lectins, phytates, and alkaloids, which have adverse nutritional effects. Antitechnological factors, such as fiber, tannins, and lipids, can affect the purity and protein extraction yield. Although most are removed or reduced during alkaline solubilization and isoelectric precipitation processes, some remain in the resulting protein isolates. Selection of appropriate legume genotypes and different emerging and sustainable facilitating technologies, such as high-power ultrasound, pulsed electric fields, high hydrostatic pressure, microwave, and supercritical fluids, can be applied to increase the removal of unwanted compounds. Some technologies can be used to increase protein yield. The technologies can also modify protein structure to improve digestibility, reduce allergenicity, and tune technological properties. This review summarizes recent findings regarding the use of emerging technologies to obtain high-purity protein isolates and the effects on techno-functional properties and health.     

Effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on the allergenicity of natural cow milk based on a BALB/c mouse model

Cow milk allergy is one of the most prevalent food allergies worldwide, particularly in infants and children. To the best of our knowledge, minimal research exists concerning the antigenicity of cow milk (CM). This study was performed to evaluate the allergenicity of enzymatically hydrolyzed cow milk (HM) in a BALB/c mouse model. The mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 12/group), which were sensitized with phosphate-buffered saline, CM, and HM (Alcalase-, or Protamex-, or Flavorzyme-treated cow milk; Novo Nordisk; AT, PT, FT, respectively), respectively, using cholera toxin as adjuvant on d 0, 7, 14, 21. On d 28, the test mice were orally challenged with phosphate-buffered saline, CM, and HM (AT, PT, or FT) alone. Anaphylactic symptoms were monitored in the mice. Antibody, cytokine, histamine, and mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition, the numbers of T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cells, as well as the proportions of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ Treg cells, in mouse spleens were detected using flow cytometry. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA. The results revealed significant differences between CM- and HM-challenged mice. Among these, the clinical scores of HM-challenged mice (AT, 1.50; PT, 2.00; FT, 1.92) were lower than those of CM-challenged mice (positive control, 2.83), but body weight and temperature of HM-challenged mice were higher than those of CM-challenged mice. In addition, significant reductions of allergen-specific IgE, IgG, histamine, and mMCP-1 were showed in HM-challenged mice, especially for histamine, ranging from 171.42 ng/mL to 214.94 ng/mL. Remarkable reductions of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels, as well as elevations of interferon-γ and IL-10 levels in the spleens of HM-challenged mice were also detected. Moreover, the number of Th2 cells decreased in the HM-challenged mice, to 2.36% (AT), 1.79% (PT), and 4.03% (FT), respectively, whereas the numbers of Th1 cells (AT, 6.30%; PT, 6.70%; FT, 6.56%) and the proportions of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺Tregs (AT, 8.86%; PT, 9.21%; FT, 9.16%) increased significantly. Our findings indicate that exposure to HM was sufficient to induce a shift toward a Th1 response, thereby reducing potential allergenicity. Importantly, these results will lay a theoretical foundation for the development of hypoallergenic CM products.