酸性红37光催化降解动力学的响应曲面法优化及其转化机制

为探索单偶氮染料酸性红37 在水溶液中降解的可行性及在活性氧物种作用下可能的迁移转化机制,利用光催化技术并根据中心复合实验设计原理建立了不同因素对酸性红37 光催化降解效率影响的二次回归方程,得出酸性红37光催化降解的最优条件：催化剂（P25TiO2）质量浓度为2.3 g/L,底物浓度为90μmol/L,温度为12.5 ℃,溶液初始pH值为8.7。研究结果表明：水溶液中不同阴阳离子对酸性红37 降解动力学的影响较大,其中Na+、Fe2+、Fe3+和Zn2+ 等对酸性红37 的降解具有明显的抑制作用,而Cu2+则体现了一定程度的促进作用;然而CrO42-、SO42-、ClO3-、MnO4- 和Cl- 则对其降解均体现了不同程度的抑制作用。最后利用气相色谱质谱联用仪对酸性红37的光催化降解产物进行了初步的分离并进行分析,认为光催化过程中酸性红37分子中N=N和C-N键断裂后的进一步羟基化反应是其主要的降解途径。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定马鹿皮中9种元素

目的建立微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)法同时测定马鹿皮中钠、锰、镁、钾、钙、铁、硒、铜和锌9种元素的含量的方法。方法样品经硝酸-过氧化氢微波消解后,通过在线加入内标溶液校正,以72Ge为内标,采用ICP-MS测定马鹿皮中钠、锰、镁、钾、钙、铁、硒、铜和锌9种元素的含量。结果 9种元素线性良好,相关系数为0.9995~1.0000;钠、锰、镁、钾、钙、铁、硒、铜和锌的检出限分别为4、0.007、0.2、1、1、0.3、0.004、0.009、0.05 mg/kg;9种元素的回收率在86%~116%之间;相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)≤7.2%(n=6)。结论该方法灵敏度高、稳定性好,可以满足马鹿皮中钠、锰、镁、钾、钙、铁、硒、铜和锌的测定。     

Effect of the cultivation mode on red pigments production from Monascus ruber

In submerged cultures performed in chemically defined fermentation medium containing glucose and glutamate, the growth and production of water‐soluble red pigments and citrinin by the filamentous fungus Monascus ruber were studied under various carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios. The specific production of the red pigments was optimal at a glucose/glutamate ratio of about 10 and then steadily decreased at higher C/N ratio. In contrast, the production of the mycotoxin increased with increased C/N with an optimum in the range of 30–45. In a fed‐batch mode, it was also found that the production of pigments was not favoured in fed‐batch mode by feeding the medium with glucose while keeping the C/N ratio lower than 10. This low production likely resulted from concurrent high accumulation of L‐malic acid that was reported to inhibit this production. In contrast, this mode of cultivation was rather favourable for the production of the mycotoxin.     

Evaluation of red bean protein [Vigna angularis] isolate on rheological properties of pork myofibrillar protein gels induced by microbial transglutaminase

The effects of 1% red bean protein isolate (RBPI) on the gel properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) in various levels of microbial transglutaminase (MTG: 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, & 1%) were evaluated. The cooking yield (CY) of the MP gels decreased with increasing MTG level, while the addition of RBPI improved the CY of the MP gels. Gel strength (GS) was also improved when RBPI was incorporated into the MP gels containing higher than 0.5% of MTG. The addition of MTG and RBPI was slightly changed the endothermic peak temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the three‐dimensional structure of MP with RBPI alone or in combined with MTG was compacted as compared to the control. Based on the results, RBPI could be functioned as a substrate for MTG (0.5–1.0%) and a water binder of meat protein gel mediated by MTG.     

红烧肉加工过程中脂肪降解、氧化和挥发性风味物质的变化研究

本文研究了原料肉、料酒腌制、油炸、大火炖煮0.5 h、小火炖煮0.5 h、小火炖煮1 h和成品红烧肉7个不同工艺阶段红烧肉基本理化指标及脂质降解、脂肪氧化和挥发性风味物质的变化状态。结果表明,成品肉水分含量比原料肉显著下降10.5%(p0.05)。pH值在前期变化不显著(p0.05),成品红烧肉时达到最大值为6.29。盐分含量在成品肉时达到最大为0.73%。硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)在大火炖煮0.5 h后显著增加(p0.05),然后下降,成品红烧肉时又显著上升(p0.05),达到了0.62 mg MDA/kg。亚油酸(C18:2)、棕榈酸(C16:0)和硬脂酸(C18:0)是肉中的主要脂肪酸,加工过程中饱和脂肪酸总体呈下降趋势。加工过程中共检出挥发性风味物质86种,其中醛类,脂类和呋喃类是红烧肉中重要的挥发性风味物质。     

四川泡菜发酵原料-灯笼辣椒附生乳酸菌的抗生素耐药性评估与耐药基因分析

以四川泡菜蔬菜原料——新鲜灯笼辣椒为对象,分析其表面附生乳酸菌Enterococcus mundtii（5 株）、Enterococcus faecalis（2 株）、Enterococcus hirae（5 株）、Lactococcus lactis（7 株）、Leuconostocmesenteroides（2 株）、Leuconostoc holzapfelii（3 株）和Weissella cibaria（79 株）对青霉素（penicillin,PEN）、红霉素（erythromycin,ERY）、四环素（tetracycline,TET）、链霉素（streptomycin,STR）和氯霉素（chloramphenicol,CHL）的抗生素耐药性和耐药基因分布,为制定合理的食品安全防控措施提供科学依据。研究表明：所有分离菌株均无PEN和ERY耐药性,其他种属部分菌株对TET、STR和CHL表现出单一、二重或三重耐药性。除E. hirae、E. faecalis和L. holzapfelii部分菌株对STR表现出单一耐药性外,所有L. mesenteroide菌株只表现出了STR单一耐药性;STR和TET、STR和CHL二重耐药菌株在E. faecalis、E. hirae、L. lactis和W. cibaria分离菌株中都有发现,但是STR、TET、CHL三重耐药菌株仅在W. cibaria中发现。聚合酶链式反应检测发现：除基因norA、sepA、tet(A)、tet(O)和aac(6’)-aph(2’)未被检出外,其他耐药菌株都有相应1 个或多个耐药基因被检出。多重耐药外排泵基因efrA、tolC、norC、sugE和mdfA较核糖体蛋白质保护和酶修饰基因检出率高,分别达到了49%、41%、48%、41%和47%。虽然辣椒表面附生乳酸菌的抗生素耐药基因在四川泡菜发酵过程中的扩散行为需要进一步研究,但根据食品加工过程安全规范标准,也应关注其表面附生的乳酸菌抗生素耐药性存在的潜在食品安全问题。     

红枣色素对H_2O_2诱导血管内皮细胞损伤的保护作用

探讨红枣色素对H_2O_2诱导人血管内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)损伤的保护作用。体外培养HUVECs,随机分为6组:空白对照组、H_2O_2损伤组、红枣色素低、中、高剂量组(50、150、250 mg/L红枣色素)和阳性对照组(50μmol/L VE),采用显微镜观察细胞形态,四甲基偶氮盐法检测细胞增殖活力,试剂盒法测定乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogense,LDH)活性,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率和线粒体膜电位水平,透射电子显微镜观察细胞超微结构。结果表明,红枣色素可保护H_2O_2对HUVECs的损伤作用,能明显改善受损细胞形态、超微结构,显著降低细胞增殖抑制率、LDH活性、细胞凋亡率,明显提高线粒体膜电位水平(P0.05),且存在明显的剂量依赖关系。由此推断,红枣色素对氧化应激诱导血管内皮细胞损伤具有一定的保护作用,其机制可能与其抗氧化、抑制细胞凋亡和维持线粒体膜电位有关。     

纳米金/石墨烯修饰电极测定食品中的诱惑红

利用滴涂法制备石墨烯修饰电极,采用电化学还原法将纳米金粒子修饰到石墨烯修饰电极的表面,制备了纳米金/石墨烯修饰电极。研究诱惑红在纳米金/石墨烯修饰玻碳电极上的电化学行为,建立一种测定食品中诱惑红含量的新方法。结果表明,在pH=5.0的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,-0.8⁰.8 V电位范围内,诱惑红在纳米金/石墨烯修饰玻碳电极上出现一对可逆的氧化还原峰,纳米金/石墨烯修饰玻碳电极对诱惑红的电化学反应具有很好的电催化作用;在8.00×10^-81.00×10^-5mol/L的范围内,氧化峰电流与诱惑红浓度成线性关系,检出限为8.00×10^-9mol/L。该修饰电极具有良好的灵敏度、选择性和稳定性,可用于食品中诱惑红含量的测定,回收率在96.9%¹01.6%之间,因此该方法可以用于测定食品中诱惑红的含量。      

微提取—离子色谱法快速测定干红葡萄酒中亚硫酸盐

目的:结合离子色谱法的优势,对国标方法蒸馏前处理进行改进,建立一种快速测定干红葡萄酒中亚硫酸盐的微提取—离子色谱准确定量的检测方法。方法:样品通过微提取装置释放出二氧化硫,被氢氧化钠溶液吸收生成亚硫酸根,再将其氧化为硫酸根,经0.45μm滤膜过滤除杂后,用离子色谱仪进行测定。结果:亚硫酸根离子质量浓度为1.0～50 mg/L亚硫酸根浓度与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 9,检出限为0.24 mg/L。添加不同水平硫酸盐加标回收率平均值为95.2%～99.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为6.84%～8.65%。结论:该方法的前处理操作简单、快速,杂质干扰明显减少,适合批量样品的检测。     

Effect of replacing grass silage with red clover silage on nutrient digestion,nitrogen metabolism,and milk fat composition in lactating cows fed diets containing a 60:40 forage-to-concentrate ratio

Diets based on red clover silage (RCS) typically increase the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in ruminant meat and milk and lower the efficiency of N utilization compared with grass silages (GS). Four multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows (108 d postpartum) fitted with rumen cannulas were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods to evaluate the effect of incremental replacement of GS with RCS on milk production, nutrient digestion, whole-body N metabolism, and milk fatty acid composition. Treatments comprised total mixed rations offered ad libitum, containing 600 g of forage/kg of diet dry matter (DM), with RCS replacing GS in ratios of 0:100, 33:67, 67:33, and 100:0 on a DM basis. Intake of DM and milk yield tended to be higher when RCS and GS were offered as a mixture than when fed alone. Forage species had no influence on the concentration or secretion of total milk fat, whereas replacing GS with RCS tended to decrease milk protein concentration and yield. Substitution of GS with RCS decreased linearly whole-tract apparent organic matter, fiber, and N digestion. Forage species had no effect on total nonammonia N at the omasum, whereas the flow of most AA at the omasum was higher for diets based on a mixture of forages. Replacing GS with RCS progressively lowered protein degradation in the rumen, increased linearly ruminal escape of dietary protein, and decreased linearly microbial protein synthesis. Incremental inclusion of RCS in the diet tended to lower whole-body N balance, increased linearly the proportion of dietary N excreted in feces and urine, and decreased linearly the utilization of dietary N for milk protein synthesis. Furthermore, replacing GS with RCS decreased linearly milk fat 4:0 to 8:0, 14:0, and 16:0 concentrations and increased linearly 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 concentrations, in the absence of changes in cis-9 18:1, cis-9, trans-11 18:2, or total trans fatty acid concentration. Inclusion of RCS in the diet progressively increased the apparent transfer of 18-carbon PUFA from the diet into milk, but had no effect on the amount of 18:2n-6 or 18:3n-3 at the omasum recovered in milk. In conclusion, forage species modified ruminal N metabolism, the flow of AA at the omasum, and whole-body N partitioning. A lower efficiency of N utilization for milk protein synthesis with RCS relative to GS was associated with decreased availability of AA for absorption, with some evidence of an imbalance in the supply of AA relative to requirements. Higher enrichment of PUFA in milk for diets based on RCS was related to an increased supply for absorption, with no indication that forage species substantially altered PUFA bioavailability.