安哥诺李-杏仁复合蛋白饮料的加工工艺研究

本实验研究了安哥诺李、杏仁复合蛋白饮料的加工工艺,着重研究了乳化剂和稳定剂的添加量,安哥诺李、杏仁复合蛋白饮料的最佳配方以及杀菌等工艺参数。结果表明:复合乳化剂(HLB=8)(司盘60:吐温40=25:11)为0.13%,复合稳定剂(黄原胶:卡拉胶=1:2)为0.12%,最佳配方为安哥诺李汁与杏仁浆的配比10:11,蔗糖10%,最佳杀菌工艺为杀菌温度100℃,杀菌时间20min。     

Utilization of electron beam irradiated almond skin powder as a natural antioxidant in ground top round beef

ABSTRACT:  Defatted Carmel variety almond skin powder (ASP) irradiated at 0, 10, 20, and 30 kGy was mixed with ground top round beef at 0.5% (w/w) and stored at 4 °C. Color stability, peroxide values (PV), conjugated dienes (CD), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), and hexanal were determined periodically over a 2-wk period. The L values were not affected by time or treatment. Initially, the redness ( a value) was higher for both the negative control with no ASP ( a value of 21.83) and positive control with 0.01% BHT ( a value of 22.33) compared to samples that contained the ASP ( a values from 17.70 to 20.17) on day 1. This decrease in redness was attributed to the presence of the ASP. Similar to day 1, the a values were not significantly different between the 2 controls over the duration of the study. All the samples with ASP exhibited lower lipid oxidation when compared to the negative control, with greatest oxidation retardation observed at 20 and 30 kGy. Over the treatment period, a 13% to 85% reduction in PV and a 40% to 80% reduction in TBARS were observed in the sample with 30 kGy ASP compared to the negative control. Generally, PV and TBARS of samples with ASP decreased with an increase in irradiation dose. While a difference due to irradiation dose was not observed in CD and hexanal content, the values were significantly lower ( P < 0.05) than the controls over time. This study demonstrates that almond skin power could be used to extend the shelf life of refrigerated ground raw beef.     

杏仁油的提取、营养组成及健康功效研究进展

杏仁油是以杏的种仁为原料,经过压榨、浸提等工艺得到的一种功能性植物油,具有抗氧化、抗炎症、抗肿瘤和预防心血管疾病等功效。文章从杏仁油的提取工艺、营养组成和健康功效等方面,对近年来国内外有关杏仁油的研究成果进行了全面综述,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Porosity Development of Activated Carbons Prepared from Wild Almond Shells and Coir Pith Using Phosphoric Acid

Activated carbons (ACs) are prepared from wild almond shells (AS) and coir pith (CP) using phosphoric acid as an activating agent. Various process parameters like acid concentration, impregnation ratio, activation temperature, and time are optimized for better iodine adsorption capacity and yield. The impregnation ratio and the activation temperature are found to be the key parameters governing the porosity, surface area, and the yield of AC. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis of ACs shows that the surface areas are 1133.25 and 1210.58 m²/g with the yields of 32.8 and 40.7%, respectively, produced from wild AS and CP. The maximum adsorption capacities for methylene blue are as high as 788.88 and 708.33 mg/g. The equilibrium data is best described by the Langmuir and the Temkin isotherm, while the adsorption follows second-order kinetics, indicating that the intraparticle diffusion is one of the rate-controlling steps.     

杏核壳对阳离子染料的吸附研究

本文以杏核壳作为吸附剂,用扫描电镜、红外光谱分析了其表面结构,考察了吸附时间、溶液pH值、染料初始浓度、温度对吸附亚甲基蓝和中性红的影响,并对吸附等温过程和吸附动力学进行了数学模型拟合.结果表明:在染料浓度为50 mg·L-1,吸附剂加入量为6g·L-1,自然pH值,吸附温度25℃,吸附时间为360 min的条件下,杏核壳对亚甲基蓝和中性红有较好的吸附效果,其吸附率都超过90％.Langmuir等温吸附方程能更好地描述杏核壳对两种染料的吸附,准二级动力学模型适合亚甲基蓝的吸附行为,中性红的吸附行为更符合准一级动力学模型.根据红外光谱图及扫描电镜图的分析,可以得出杏核壳对亚甲基蓝和中性红的吸附主要为物理和化学变化共同存在的过程.     

Corrosion Behavior of Bitter Almond Oil During Processing

This study aims to explore the corrosion behavior of bitter almond oil (BAO) during processing. Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) and benzoic acid in oil are speculated as the main components that corrode the screw oil expeller. Immersion and simulation corrosion tests are carried out to verify this hypothesis. Immersion test results show that crude BAO (CBAO) containing 5.07 ± 0.06 mg kg^?1 benzoic acid and 4.25 ± 0.04 mg kg^?1 HCN exhibits corrosive effects on steel. Simulation corrosion test results indicate that the addition of CN^? or benzoic acid has significant effect on the corrosion of steel. Specifically, at ≥1 × 10⁴ mg kg^?1 benzoic acid concentration or ≥5 mg kg^?1 CN^? concentration, the mass of steel blocks in oil decreases and the contents of Fe, Zn, Al, and Mg ions in oil increase significantly. Therefore, HCN in CBAO is the main cause of screw oil expeller corrosion in BAO processing and benzoic acid is the secondary cause. Practical Applications: The corrosion behavior of CBAO not only damages the integrity of the screw oil expeller but also increases the dissolution of toxic metals from the components into oil. The study of corrosion has practical value in taking effective measures, such as detoxification before pressing and addition of natural inhibitors, to reduce corrosion and ensure the quality of CBAO. Corrosion study provides the basis for the selection of steel materials of screw oil expeller.     

杏仁汁啤酒的研制试验

鉴于杏仁有药用和保健的功能，我们在啤酒生产过程中，加入一定量的杏仁汁，研制成杏仁汁啤酒，该酒与普通啤酒相比较营养价值高，是一种较理想的饮料酒。     

The influence of saline irrigation and organic waste fertilisation on the mineral content (N,P, K,Na, Ca and Mg) of tomatoes

Tomato plants were grown in a calcareous soil supplemented with two organic wastes (sewage sludge and epicarp-mesocarp of the almond tree fruit). They were irrigated at three levels of salinity caused by the addition of sodium chloride. N, P, K, Na, Ca and Mg were determined in the soil and tomato fruits. The treatments had a significant incidence on mineral content in fruit and soil.     

Feeding high amounts of almond hulls to lactating cows

California is the leading state for the production of almonds, with more than 400,000 bearing hectares of orchards that produced approximately 1 billion kilograms of shelled nuts in 2017. Almond hulls (AH) are a regional by-product feedstuff fed predominantly to dairy cattle in California. A 2012 study surveyed 40 dairy farms in California and found that 39 out of 104 total mixed rations contained AH, with a mean daily feeding rate of 1.45 kg/cow. In 2017, approximately 2 billion kilograms of AH was produced. At a feeding rate of 1.45 kg/cow daily, even if all 1.7 million lactating cows in California are consuming AH, there will be a surplus of AH on the market as the approximately 130,000 nonbearing hectares come into nut production. Therefore, the potential of feeding varying amounts of AH to lactating dairy cows was investigated using 12 Holstein cows with 4 primiparous and 8 multiparous cows. The dietary treatments were 4 total mixed rations containing 0, 7, 13, or 20% AH. The AH used contained 12.8% crude fiber (as-is basis), which was below the 15% legal limit set by state feed regulations. Diets were formulated so that as the inclusion rate of AH increased, the amount of steam-flaked corn and soyhull pellets decreased and soybean meal inclusion increased. Experimental design was a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square. Diet had a cubic effect on actual milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, and dry matter intake, with the 7% AH diet having the highest values and the 13% AH diet having the lowest. The percent and yield of total solids and the yields of lactose and fat did not differ with diet, but percent and yield of protein declined linearly with increased AH inclusion, and fat percent increased linearly. Apparent total-tract digestibilities of dry matter and organic matter were higher with the inclusion of AH in the diet. Total percentage of the day spent ruminating increased linearly with higher amounts of AH. Overall, this work demonstrated that AH can be fed at varying amounts, up to 20% of the diet, to lactating dairy cows to support high levels of milk production and that increasing amounts of AH (up to 20%) in the diet could lead to improved digestibility and milk fat percentage but decreased milk protein production.