APP/MQ树脂对聚丙烯热分解动力学研究

通过热失重（TGA）测试,研究了不同阻燃剂改性PP的热分解动力学,结果表明阻燃剂APP、MQ树脂的介入能不同程度提高了改性PP的分解活化能,其中APP改性PP活化能可达500 kJ.mol-1,说明阻燃性能的提高可能归因于无卤阻燃剂促成了改性PP分解活化能的提高。     

膨胀石墨在聚乙烯中阻燃协效作用的研究

以膨胀石墨(EG)与聚磷酸铵(APP)复配组成膨胀型阻燃剂，应用于高密度聚乙烯(PE-HD)中。热分析表明APP／FG的添加使得PE-HD材料的热稳定性增强，降解过程变缓，剩炭率增加。氧指数(LOI)结果表明APP／EG具有良好的阻燃协同作用。扫描电镜(SEM)显示APP／EG的加入可使得PE-HD样品生成连续致密的炭层。同时力学性能研究表明APP／EG对材料的力学性能的影响比其它膨胀型阻燃剂要小。     

Specific features of thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate subjected to γ radiation

Results of studying thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) samples in the original form and after irradiation by γ-quanta of ⁶⁰Co by methods of differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic thermogravimetry with heating rates b = 0.1–0.3 K/sec are described. Irradiation is performed in air at a temperature of 298 ± 2 K and a dose rate of ≈0.2 Gy/sec in the range of absorbed doses D = 0–150 kGy. Preliminary irradiation is demonstrated to lead to substantial transformations of the pattern of thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate in the dynamic regime of heating: the single-stage process of decomposition of non-irradiated samples proceeding at b = 0.107 K/sec in the temperature range of 625 to 743 K is replaced by a multistage process. At D = 150 kGy, exothermal transformations accompanied by noticeable losses of sample mass are observed starting from 473 K. Within experimental errors, the total thermal effect of AP decomposition is found to be independent of the absorbed dose and amounts to −1150 kJ/kg on the average. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 69–74, November–December, 2007.     

喷雾干燥在环保领域中的应用

环境保护是我国的基本国策之一,近年来呈蓬勃发展之势.本文主要介绍了喷雾干燥在半干法烟气脱硫、味精废水综合利用、造纸黑液处理等环保领域内的广泛应用.     

烷氧基羟丙基三甲基溴化铵/正丁醇/水体系的相行为

绘制了3-十二烷氧基-2-羟丙基三甲基溴化铵(R12TAB)／正丁醇／水三元体系的相图，确定了不同区域的范围。用电导法测定了微乳液区域内由W／O型微乳液经双连续结构到O／W型微乳液的变化过程。用^2HNMR和差示扫描量热法(DSC)并与液晶纹理对照，研究了该体系的液晶结构特点。结果表明，固定R12TAB和正丁醇的比例，随含水量的增加，体系的液晶相结构发生如下变化，从层状液晶→层状与六角状液晶共存→层状、六角状与立方状液晶共存→层状液晶与微乳液共存。     

Synthesis and characterization of side‐chain liquid‐crystalline ionomers containing quaternary ammonium salt groups

A series of thermotropic side‐chain liquid‐crystalline ionomers (LCIs) containing 4‐(4‐alkoxybenzyloxy)‐4′‐allyloxybiphenyl (M) as mesogenic units and allyl triethylammonium bromide (ATAB) as nonmesogenic units were synthesized by graft copolymerization upon polymethylhydrosiloxane. The chemical structures of the polymers were confirmed by IR spectroscopy. DSC was used to measure the thermal properties of these polymers. The mesogenic properties were characterized by polarizing optical microscopy, DSC, and X‐ray diffraction. Homopolymers without ionic groups exhibit smectic and nematic mesophases. The nematic mesophases of the ionomers disappear and the mesomorphic temperature ranges decrease with increasing concentration of ionic units. The influence of the alkoxy chain length on clearing temperature (T_c) values of ionomers clearly shows an odd‐even effect, similar to that of other side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polymers. The mesomorphic temperature ranges increase with increasing alkoxy chain length when the number of alkoxy carbon is over 3. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2879–2886, 2003     

Thermal analysis of montmorillonites modified with quaternary phosphonium and ammonium surfactants

The thermal stability of seven organically modified montmorillonites (‘organoclays’) has been investigated using differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry in conjunction with X-ray diffractometry. Six organoclays were synthesised by replacing the interlayer inorganic cations, initially present, with quaternary phosphonium and ammonium surfactant cations. The samples modified with tetrabutylphosphonium (TBP), and butyltriphenylphosphonium (BTPP) ions have an appreciably higher thermal stability than the octadecyltrimethylammonium (ODTMA)-modified clays. Thus, in the case of TBP- and BTPP-modified montmorillonites, the onset temperature of decomposition is close to 300 °C. Samples modified with hexadecyltributylphosphonium (HDTBP) ions have a lower onset temperature of decomposition of 225 °C. In comparison, the onset temperature for ODTMA-montmorillonites (obtained at different concentrations of ODTMA-bromide) ranges from 158 to 222 °C, being highest where the concentration of intercalated surfactant is lowest. The onset temperature for a commercial alkylsilane-treated quaternary ammonium-modified organoclay (S-BEN N-400FP) is 207 °C. The basal spacing of the TBP- and BTPP-modified clays is 1.7–1.8 nm, indicating a monolayer arrangement of quaternary phosphonium ions in the interlayer space, while the value of 2.5 nm for HDTBP-montmorillonite indicates a more open structure. The ODTMA-modified samples have basal spacings ranging from 1.9 to 2.1 nm, indicative of a bilayer to pseudo-trilayer arrangement. The exceptionally high basal spacing of 3.4 nm for the S-BEN N-400FP organoclay might be due to interlayer penetration of organosilane hydrolysis products during synthesis. The thermal properties of organoclays are apparently related to the nature of the surfactants and their arrangement in the interlayer space of montmorillonite.     

季铵型稻草木质素的合成及其对\[PdCl4\]2-的吸附性能

为经济高效和无污染提取钯,采用硫酸法从稻草中提取木质素,经3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CHMAC)化学改性后合成季铵型稻草木质素,并利用其从溶液中吸附[PdCl_4]~(2-).利用扫描电镜(SEM)、傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)和差热-热重分析(TG-DSC)对木质素及其衍生物进行表征,同时考察pH值、[PdCl_4]~(2-)初始浓度和吸附时间对季铵型稻草木质素吸附性能的影响,并对[PdCl_4]~(2-)的选择性进行研究.实验结果表明,季铵型稻草木质素为表面多孔且不规则的块状体,在200℃内具有良好的热稳定性,1 469 cm~(-1)处出现季铵离子的弯曲振动特征峰.最佳吸附pH值为2,吸附平衡时间为8 h,在[PdCl_4]~(2-)初始浓度为4 mmol·L~(-1)时,季铵型稻草木质素对[PdCl_4]~(2-)的吸附达到饱和,饱和吸附容量为1.120 mmol·g~(-1),吸附过程遵循准二级动力学方程,吸附等温模型与Freundlich方程拟合较好,表明吸附过程为单分子层非均质化学吸附,盐酸浓度低于1 mol·L~(-1)时,季铵型稻草木质素对[PdCl_4]~(2-)具有良好的选择性.降低盐酸浓度,提高[PdCl_4]~(2-)初始浓度和延长吸附时间均有利于提高季铵型稻草木质素对[PdCl_4]~(2-)的吸附容量和选择性.     

镁质低品位铁镍硫化矿的活化工艺及机理

细菌浸出是镁质低品位铁镍硫化矿的潜在处理方案之一。针对该矿石浸出活性较低的问题,研究了硫酸预浸出和硫酸铵焙烧预浸出2种活化方案,并与细菌直接浸出(空白试验)做了比较。结果表明,2种活化方案都有利于金属回收,但硫酸铵焙烧预浸出方案的活化效果更优:浸出时间为8 d时,Ni、Cu和Mg的浸出率分别为90.2%、89.56%和61.19%,分别高于硫酸预浸出方案2.08%、12.2%和8.95%。矿石中的Mg主要在硫酸铵焙烧预浸出阶段进入溶液,细菌对Mg浸出的影响不大。XRD和能谱分析表明:浸出渣中Ni和Cu的残留量很低,Mg主要存在于难浸出的蛇纹石之中。     

Leaching of a copper flotation concentrate with ammonium persulfate in an autoclave system

The leaching behavior of a copper flotation concentrate was investigated using ammonium persulfate （APS） in an autoclave systee. The decomposition products of APS, active oxygen, and acidic medium were used to extract metals from the concentrate. Leaching experiments were performed to compare the availability of APS as an oxidizing agent for leaching of the concentrate under atmospheric conditions and in an autoclave system. Leaching temperature and APS concentration were found to be important parameters in both leaching systems. Atmospheric leaching studies showed that the metal extractions increased with the increase in APS concentration and temperature （up to 333 K）. A similar tendency was determined in the autoclave studies up to 423 K. It was also determined that the metal extractions decreased at temperatures above 423 K due to the passivation of the particle surface by molten elemental sulfur. The results showed that higher copper extractions could be achieved using an autoclave system.