Metabolomics-assisted biotechnological interventions for developing plant-based functional foods and nutraceuticals

Today, the dramatic changes in types of food consumed have led to an increased burden of chronic diseases. Therefore, the emphasis of food research is not only to ensure quality food that can supply adequate nutrients to prevent nutrition related diseases, but also to ensure overall physical and mental-health. This has led to the concept of functional foods and nutraceuticals (FFNs), which can be ideally produced and delivered through plants. Metabolomics can help in getting the most relevant functional information, and thus has been considered the greatest –OMICS technology to date. However, metabolomics has not been exploited to the best potential in plant sciences. The technology can be leveraged to identify the health promoting compounds and metabolites that can be used for the development of FFNs. This article reviews (i) plant-based FFNs-related metabolites and their health benefits; (ii) use of different analytic platforms for targeted and non-targeted metabolite profiling along with experimental considerations; (iii) exploitation of metabolomics to develop FFNs in plants using various biotechnological tools; and (iv) potential use of metabolomics in plant breeding. We have also provided some insights into integration of metabolomics with latest genome editing tools for metabolic pathway regulation in plants.     

中医药膳食品认证管理现状探讨

从中医药膳食品概念着手分析了中国现行食品药品管理法律法规束缚和制约中医药膳食品行业发展的问题,并针对目前中医药膳行业尚无明确的质量标准,指出必须在借鉴当前世界食品药品认证制度的基础上,针对中医药膳食品行业特点,制定符合中医药理论的中医药膳食品认证制度,促进中医药膳食品行业规范化、产业化。     

电喷雾-离子迁移谱法快速筛查保健品和中成药中5种违禁化学药物

目的建立电喷雾-离子迁移谱(electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry,ESI-IMS)技术快速筛查改善睡眠类保健食品和中成药中非法添加地西泮、咪达唑仑、硝西泮、阿普唑仑、巴比妥等5种化学药物的分析方法。方法样品用乙腈超声提取,90%乙腈水溶液稀释后ESI-IMS直接测定。在正离子模式下检测地西泮和咪达唑仑,在负离子模式下检测硝西泮、阿普唑仑、巴比妥,基质外标法定量。结果 5种化合物在各自浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99。地西泮、咪达唑仑、巴比妥、硝西泮、阿普唑仑的检出限分别为0.20、0.50、2.00、8.00、8.00mg/L,平均回收率为78.7%~113.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)小于10%,与液相色谱-串联质谱(1iquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryLC-MS/MS)检测结果一致。结论本方法快速准确,可实际应用于改善睡眠类健康产品中非法添加地西泮、咪达唑仑、硝西泮、阿普唑仑、巴比妥等5种违禁药物的筛查。     

THE SENSITIVITY OF DIFFERENT BREWING YEAST STRAINS TO CARBON DIOXIDE INHIBITION: FERMENTATION AND PRODUCTION OF FLAVOUR-ACTIVE VOLATILE COMPOUNDS

The sensitivity of brewing yeast strains, with different oxygen demands, to carbon dioxide inhibition was investigated. Laboratory fermentations were performed with, and without, protein-based “yeast foods” to lower dissolved CO₂ during fermentation. Differences were observed in yeast fermentative performance in the presence and absence of “yeast foods” for all yeast strains tested. Fermentation performance was improved with the addition of “yeast foods”. There was improved carbohydrate utilisation and amino acid uptake, while acetaldehyde levels at the end of fermentation were decreased. There was an increase in fusel oil production and acetate ester levels at the end of fermentation. Sulphur dioxide levels at the end of fermentation were unaffected by “yeast food” addition. Different yeast strains displayed differing sensitivity to CO₂ inhibition for all parameters tested. Sensitivity to CO₂ was not found to be related to oxygen demand of the yeast strains.     

超声提取-高效液相色谱法测定食品中碱性橙Ⅱ染料

建立超声提取-高效液相色谱法测定食品中碱性橙Ⅱ染料的方法.样品均质后,正已烷超声除去杂质,再用无水乙醇多次超声至无色,合并提取液浓缩离心,取上清液进行色谱分析.高效液相色谱仪采用C18柱,检测波长为449 nm.方法最低检出限为0.10mg/L,回收率超过98.5%,同一色谱条件下日落黄对碱性橙Ⅱ检出无影响.方法精密度分别为5.8%,6.2%及1.1%.     

Effect of some technological parameters on microbiological, chemical and sensory qualities of Civil cheese during ripening

The objective of this research was to determine the effects of different ripening methods [brine salting, dry salting, incorporating with Lor cheese (LR) and vacuum packaging] of Civil cheeses on its microbiological, chemical and sensory properties. Civil cheeses were analysed on the 2nd, 30th, 60th and 90th day of ripening. Chemical compositions of the cheeses were significantly different. While the highest dry matter and titratable acidity values were determined on dry salted cheeses, the highest fat and fat in dry matter contents were found in Civil cheese ripened together with LR. The water-soluble nitrogen and ripening index values were lower in cheese ripened incorporating with LR. Excessive proteolysis was not seen in any of cheese samples. The ripening in different methods affected microbiological and sensory properties of Civil cheese. Panellists preferred vacuum packaging and dry-salting cheeses compared to the other samples on the 90th day of ripening.     

Synthetic colourings of some snack foods consumed by primary school children aged 8–9 years in Hong Kong

An HPLC method with photodiode array detection was used for the quantification of 11 synthetic dyes in 87 snack food products commonly consumed by children in Hong Kong, China. Dietary exposure to synthetic colours was estimated using food-frequency questionnaire data obtained from 142 primary school children aged 8–9 years in three districts of Hong Kong. Dietary exposure to synthetic colours for an average primary school student was considerably lower than the threshold for acceptable daily intake (ADI) for their ages, except for sunset yellow FCF. Data obtained showed that the average daily intake of sunset yellow FCF (E110) was 51% over the ADI threshold in 9-year-old boys. The higher intakes of sunset yellow FCF were mainly due to the high consumption of soft drinks and desserts such as jellies, which have high concentrations of this synthetic colour additive.     

基于综合性Meta分析的乳三肽VPP和IPP在随机安慰剂对照实验中的抗高血压效能

为评估口服乳三肽VPP（Val-Pro-Pro）和IPP（Ile-Pro-Pro）对血压的影响,基于综合性Meta分析选择了包含在21 个研究中的27 项临床实验、2 142 个高血压前期或高血压患者。由于存在异质性,采用随机影响模式进行分析。结果表明：Meta分析中未发现发表偏倚,收缩压（systolic blood pressure,SBP）降低了1.78 mmHg（95%可信区间为－2.47～－1.08,P＜0.001）,舒张压（diastolic blood pressure,DBP）降低了0.67 mmHg（95%可信区间为－1.11～－0.23,P＜0.001）。亚组分析结果表明：亚洲人群SBP为－6.56 mmHg、DBP为－3.01 mmHg,2008年前的研究对象SBP为－6.57 mmHg、DBP为－3.08 mmHg,口服乳三肽剂量＜5 mg/d的患者SBP为－5.20 mmHg、DBP为－2.05 mmHg,以及诊所偶测SBP（－2.74 mmHg）与DBP（－1.18 mmHg）和家庭自测SBP（－7.61 mmHg）与DBP（－4.83 mmHg）都显著下降,而相应的比较对象则没有。因此,包含乳三肽VPP和IPP的功能性食品对高血压前期或轻度高血压患者是有效的,特别是在低剂量食用时对亚洲人群的诊所偶测血压和家庭自测血压有明显效果。     

Reviewing the world's edible mushroom species: A new evidence-based classification system

Wild mushrooms are a vital source of income and nutrition for many poor communities and of value to recreational foragers. Literature relating to the edibility of mushroom species continues to expand, driven by an increasing demand for wild mushrooms, a wider interest in foraging, and the study of traditional foods. Although numerous case reports have been published on edible mushrooms, doubt and confusion persist regarding which species are safe and suitable to consume. Case reports often differ, and the evidence supporting the stated properties of mushrooms can be incomplete or ambiguous. The need for greater clarity on edible species is further underlined by increases in mushroom-related poisonings. We propose a system for categorizing mushroom species and assigning a final edibility status. Using this system, we reviewed 2,786 mushroom species from 99 countries, accessing 9,783 case reports, from over 1,100 sources. We identified 2,189 edible species, of which 2,006 can be consumed safely, and a further 183 species which required some form of pretreatment prior to safe consumption or were associated with allergic reactions by some. We identified 471 species of uncertain edibility because of missing or incomplete evidence of consumption, and 76 unconfirmed species because of unresolved, differing opinions on edibility and toxicity. This is the most comprehensive list of edible mushrooms available to date, demonstrating the huge number of mushrooms species consumed. Our review highlights the need for further information on uncertain and clash species, and the need to present evidence in a clear, unambiguous, and consistent manner.