A simplified analysis of the effect of microstructure gradient on the stress relief of aluminum plates and extrusions

Many bulk forms of metal products are quenched after heat treatment in order to preserve material characteristics. Rapid quenching results in large thermal stress gradients that lead to high levels of residual stress. For products such as plates and extrusions, stretching by a few percent can reduce these stresses, but the stresses are not completely relieved. This report presents a simplified analytical model of the stress relief process illustrating the effects of through-thickness property gradients on residual stress after stretching. The basic conclusion is that for plates with uniform yield surface shapes through the thickness, the through-thickness residual stress range after stress relief is equal to the strength range in the direction of stretch. In extrusions, the bow after stress relief is proportional to this strength range. Cases are also considered in which the yield surface shapes range from isotropic to anisotropic through the thickness. Plastic anisotropy can perturb the effect of strength range on residual stress.     

Effect of geometry and green density on the anisotropic sintering shrinkage of axisymmetric iron parts

Sintering shrinkage of prior cold compacted iron rings with different geometry (height to wall thickness ratio) and green density in the 6.5–7.3?g/cm³ range was investigated. It displays a minimum at an intermediate green density. Axial, tangential and radial shrinkages are different, due to the gradients of green density along the axial and the radial directions. Therefore, the effect of height on shrinkage and its anisotropy is the result of their effect on the stress distribution in the green parts during cold compaction, and the resulting green density and deformation experienced by the powder. Anisotropy decreases on increasing shrinkage.     

Measuring magnetic anisotropy with a rotatable ac electromagnet

Magnetic anisotropy of magnetic thin films was determined from a series of hysteresis loops measured via a rotatable alternate current (ac) electromagnet, the rotation angle of which could be continuously tuned at 360° with a high resolution. Co₂FeAl Heusler alloy films grown by molecular beam epitaxy were used to show the benefits of the method for measuring magnetic anisotropy.     

利用测井资料分析计算东海平湖油气田地应力

利用测井资料研究平湖油气田的地应力,对平湖油气田低渗透储层压裂、钻井和开发都有重要意义。文中利用密度、自然伽马、交叉偶极横波测井等资料,对平湖油气田地层的岩石力学参数(泊松比、弹性模量、体积模量、剪切模量、抗压强度、抗剪强度和抗张强度)进行了计算;为确定地层压力和构造应力系数,借鉴前人的研究成果,分别应用黄氏和葛氏地应力计算模型,建立平湖油气田地应力计算方法,并通过岩心差应变法地应力实验验证了该方法的准确性;采用基于XMAC-Ⅱ快横波方位法确定的平湖油气田的地应力方向,与岩心波速各向异性法及黏滞剩磁法地应力实验确定的地应力方向吻合较好。     

Anisotropic elasto-plastic solutions for cavity expansion problem in saturated soil mass

On the basis of the yield criterion of Matsuoka and Nakai (1974), novel elasto-plastic solutions are obtained for the cavity expansion problem in an anisotropic medium. The solutions are formulated by employing a small-strain analysis in an elastic zone and a large-strain analysis in a plastic zone around the cavity in a soil mass. In light of the initial condition, the plastic radius and the stress in the plastic zone are derived by incorporating the large-strain analysis, the influence of stress anisotropy (K0) and the non-associated flow rule, and two fundamental solutions for the cavity expansion problem under undrained and drained conditions are presented in an anisotropic soil mass. Finally, a comparison with the previous results is performed for verification.     

Temperature dependent coercivity of randomly assembled acicular Fe3O4 particles

Abstract

The Stoner‐Wohlfarth model and the chain‐of‐spheres fanning model are used to calculate temperature dependence of the coercivity of acicular single‐domain particles by taking thermal effect into consideration. Coercivity of the particles is evaluated by summing up the contributions of shape anisotropy, magnetocrystalline anisotropy and magnetostrictive anisotropy. The coercivities of randomly assembled Fe₃O₄ particles above the transition point (119°K) and below room temperature are calculated and compared with the published experimental data.     

Plastic Deformation and Fracture Behavior of Zircaloy-2 Fuel Cladding Tubes under Biaxial Stress

Various combinations of biaxial stress were applied on five batches of recrystallized zircaloy-2 fuel cladding tubes with different textures; elongation in both axial and circumferential directions of the specimen was measured continuously up to 5% plastic deformation.

The anisotropic theory of plasticity proposed by Hill was applied to the resulting data, and anisotropy constants were obtained through the two media of plastic strain loci and plastic strain ratios. Comparison of the results obtained with the two methods proved that the plastic strain loci provide data that are more effective in predicting quantitatively the plastic deformation behavior of the zircaloy-2 tubes. The anisotropy constants change their value with progress of plastic deformation, and judicious application of the effective stress and effective strain obtained on anisotropic materials will permit the relationship between stress and strain under various biaxialities of stresses to be approximated by the work hardening law.

The test specimens used in the plastic deformation experiments were then stressed to fracture under the same combination of biaxial stress as in the proceeding experiments, and the deformation in the fractured part was measured. The result proved that the tilt angle of the c-axis which serves as the index of texture is related to fracture ductility under biaxial stress. Based on this relationship, it was concluded that material with a tilt angle ranging from 10° to 15° is the most suitable for fuel cladding tubes, from the viewpoint of fracture ductility, at least in the case of unirradiated material.     

Gas-diffusion layer's structural anisotropy induced localized instability of nafion membrane in polymer electrolyte fuel cell

The design of robust polymer electrolyte fuel cell requires a thorough understanding of the materials' response of the cell components to the operational conditions such as temperature and hydration. As the electrolyte membrane's mechanical properties are temperature, hydration and rate dependent, its response under cyclic loading is of significant importance to predict the damage onset and thus the membrane lifetime. This article reports on the variation in stress levels in the membrane induced due to the gas-diffusion layer's (GDL) anisotropic mechanical properties while accurately capturing the membrane's mechanical response under time dependent hygrothermomechanical conditions. An observation is made on the evolution of negative strain in the membrane under the bipolar plate channel area, which is an indication of membrane thinning, and the magnitude of this strain found to depend upon the GDL's in-plane mechanical properties. In order to come up with a strategy that reduces the magnitude of tensile stresses evolved in the membrane during the hygrothermal unloading and to increase the membrane's lifetime, we numerically show that by employing a fast hygrothermal loading rate and unloading rate strategy, significant reduction (in this study, nearly 100%) in the magnitude of tensile stresses is achievable. The present study assists in understanding the relation between materials compatibility and durability of fuel cell components.