Prevalence and Characteristics of Phenicol-Oxazolidinone Resistance Genes in Enterococcus Faecalis and Enterococcus Faecium Isolated from Food-Producing Animals and Meat in Korea

The use of phenicol antibiotics in animals has increased. In recent years, it has been reported that the transferable gene mediates phenicol-oxazolidinone resistance. This study analyzed the prevalence and characteristics of phenicol-oxazolidinone resistance genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from food-producing animals and meat in Korea in 2018. Furthermore, for the first time, we reported the genome sequence of E. faecalis strain, which possesses the phenicol-oxazolidinone resistance gene on both the chromosome and plasmid. Among the 327 isolates, optrA, poxtA, and fexA genes were found in 15 (4.6%), 8 (2.5%), and 17 isolates (5.2%), respectively. Twenty E. faecalis strains carrying resistance genes belonged to eight sequence types (STs), and transferability was found in 17 isolates. The genome sequences revealed that resistant genes were present in the chromosome or plasmid, or both. In strains EFS17 and EFS108, optrA was located downstream of the ermA and ant(9)-1 genes. The strains EFS36 and EFS108 harboring poxtA-encoding plasmid cocarried fexA and cfr(D). These islands also contained IS1216E or the transposon Tn554, enabling the horizontal transfer of the phenicol-oxazolidinone resistance with other antimicrobial-resistant genes. Our results suggest that it is necessary to promote the prudent use of antibiotics through continuous monitoring and reevaluation.     

膜分离技术在农用抗生素生产中的应用

应用膜分离技术替代传统分离,提高了产品质量、收率,降低成本,大幅度地减少污染,实现清洁生产。     

基于三维荧光与BLLS/RBL同时检测蜂蜜中3种喹诺酮类抗生素

采用三维荧光光谱法实现对蜂蜜中的3种喹诺酮类抗生素(氟甲喹、恩诺沙星和左氧氟沙星)残留样本的数据测量,对所得光谱消除了二级瑞利散射和拉曼散射的干扰,采用小波优化集合经验模态分解(EEMD)的方法消除光谱噪声,完成了预处理过程。采用双线性最小二乘/残差双线性(BLLS/RBL)算法分别对预处理前后的样本进行定性、定量检测。结果表明:经预处理后可以准确地解析出样本中各组分光谱,且与原光谱有着极高的相似度。定量分析中,氟甲喹、恩诺沙星和左氧氟沙星的预测平均加标回收率RA分别为94.99%,100.20%,103.20%;均方根误差RMSE分别为4.03,0.21,0.29μg/L;灵敏度SL分别为3.2×10³,3.5×10⁴,3.3×10⁴μg/L;检测下限Lout分别为2.08,0.18,0.19μg/L;优于未经预处理的结果。     

Depletion of tylosin residues in feathers,muscle and liver from broiler chickens after completion of antimicrobial therapy

Tylosin is one of the most commonly used antimicrobial drugs from the macrolide family and in broiler chickens it is used specially for the treatment of infectious pathologies. The poultry industry produces several by-products, among which feathers account for up to 7% of a chicken’s live weight, thus they amount to a substantial mass across the whole industry. Feathers have been repurposed as an animal feed ingredient by making them feather meal. Therefore, the presence of high concentrations of residues from antimicrobial drugs in feathers might pose a risk to global public health, due to re-entry of these residues into the food chain. This work aimed to characterise the depletion behaviour of tylosin in feather samples, while considering its depletion in muscle and liver tissue samples as a reference point. To achieve this goal, we have implemented and validated an analytical methodology suitable for detecting and quantifying tylosin in these matrices. Sixty broiler chickens, raised under controlled conditions, received an oral dose of 32 mg kg^-1 of tylosin for 5 days. Tylosin was quantified in muscle, liver and feathers by liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD). High concentrations of tylosin were detected in feather samples over the whole experimental period after completing both the therapy and the recommended withdrawal time (WDT). On the other hand, tylosin concentrations in muscle and liver tissue samples fell below the limit of detection of this method on the first sampling day. Our results indicate that the WDT for feather samples is 27 days, hence using feather meal for the formulation of animal diets or for other agricultural purposes could contaminate with antimicrobial residues either other livestock species or the environment. In consequence, we recommend monitoring this matrix when birds have been treated with tylosin, within the context of poultry farming.     

华南地区食品中非O157致泻大肠杆菌分布特点及分型研究

为深入了解华南地区食品中非O157致泻大肠杆菌(DEC)的污染分布情况和特点,本研究随机采集了该地区12个城市的食品样品,参考GB/T 4789.36-2003方法进行检测,并利用多重PCR对DEC进行了分子鉴定。另外,分别采用MLST分型方法和药敏纸片法对DEC菌株的遗传特性和耐药性进行了分析。结果表明,1000份样品中有164份检出DEC,总污染率高达16.4%。肉类和水产品污染较严重。在五种DEC中,EPEC检出率最高(8.0%),其次为ETEC(6.2%),EIEC(3.4%)和STEC(0.4%)。样品中共分离到207株DEC。MLST分型产生了58种ST型,其中44个为已报道的ST型,14个为数据库中新的ST型。聚类分析表明这些菌株共有8个克隆复合物(CC),CC10为其中最大的一个。DEC菌株对四环素、复方新诺明、氨苄西林、头孢噻吩和氯霉素等具有高抗性。有关部门应加强非O157致泻大肠杆菌的监控,减少食源性疾病的发生。     

浅谈食源性疾病的传播和耐药性

世界卫生组织认为,凡是通过摄食进入人体的各种致病因子引起的,通常具有感染性的或中毒性的一类疾病,都称之为食源性疾病。食源性疾病是目前世界上最广泛的卫生问题,包括食物中毒、肠道传染病、人兽共患传染病、寄生虫病等,其中以食源性致病菌最为突出。食源性疾病影响人的身体健康,轻则腹泻,重则导致人体中毒,甚至死亡。随着中国经济的发展,食品的消费水平持续增长,食品安全问题显得尤为重要。由于抗生素有促生长作用,导致畜牧业中滥用抗生素的情况非常严重。在日常生活中,由于管理体制等原因,抗生素滥用导致食源性致病菌对多种抗生素产生耐药性。食品中的多重耐药致病菌传播到人体中的情况日益严重,应从各方面入手杜绝耐药。     

Antimicrobial Resistance and Whole-Genome Characterisation of High-Level Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Salmonella Enterica Serovar Kentucky ST 198 Strains Isolated from Human in Poland

Background: Salmonella Kentucky belongs to zoonotic serotypes that demonstrate that the high antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance (including fluoroquinolones) is an emerging problem. To the best of our knowledge, clinical S. Kentucky strains isolated in Poland remain undescribed. Methods: Eighteen clinical S. Kentucky strains collected in the years 2018–2019 in Poland were investigated. All the strains were tested for susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials using the disc diffusion and E-test methods. Whole genome sequences were analysed for antimicrobial resistance genes, mutations, the presence and structure of SGI1-K (Salmonella Genomic Island and the genetic relationship of the isolates. Results: Sixteen of 18 isolates (88.9%) were assigned as ST198 and were found to be high-level resistant to ampicillin (>256 mg/L) and quinolones (nalidixic acid MIC ≥ 1024 mg/L, ciprofloxacin MIC range 6–16 mg/L). All the 16 strains revealed three mutations in QRDR of GyrA and ParC. The substitutions of Ser83 → Phe and Asp87 → Tyr of the GyrA subunit and Ser80→Ile of the ParC subunit were the most common. One S. Kentucky isolate had qnrS1 in addition to the QRDR mutations. Five of the ST198 strains, grouped in cluster A, had multiple resistant determinants like blaTEM1-B, aac(6′)-Iaa, sul1 or tetA, mostly in SGI1 K. Seven strains, grouped in cluster B, had shorter SGI1-K with deletions of many regions and with few resistance genes detected. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that a significant part of S. Kentucky isolates from humans in Poland belonged to ST198 and were high-level resistant to ampicillin and quinolones.     

食源性乳酸菌安全性的评价

从不同来源的样品中分离得到36 株乳酸菌,对其进行常见抗生素如氯霉素、四环素、红霉素抗药性分析,结果表明,26 株菌具有抗药性,其中4 株携带抗生素抗性基因,并且菌株Enterococcus faecium KN9所携带的四环素抗性基因tet（M）和tet（L）能通过接合作用,转移到受体菌Lactococcus lactis MG1614中。对这些乳酸菌产生有害代谢产物分析结果表明,部分菌株可以产生生物胺,所有的菌株都不产生硝基还原酶和偶氮还原酶。所以,本实验分离到的大部分乳酸菌是安全的,只有携带有抗四环素基因的E. faecium KN9具有潜在的安全隐患。因此,需要在食用前对乳酸菌进行安全性评价,以减少可能的安全隐患。     

新月菱形藻遗传重组标记的选择

为了选择抗生素G418作为新月菱形藻的遗传重组标记,分别研究G418对新月菱形藻生长的最小抑制浓度,以及G418对携有质粒载体pBI121的遗传重组受体新月菱形藻的最大抗性浓度。结果表明:25μg/mLG418能完全抑制新月菱形藻在液体培养基中的生长;50μg/mLG418能完全抑制新月菱形藻在固体培养基上长出藻落;而G418对携有质粒载体pBI121的遗传重组受体新月菱形藻的最大抗性浓度在液体培养基和固体培养基中均是400μg/mL。