高级氧化技术在抗生素废水处理中的应用

抗生素制药废水是一类成分复杂、有机物含量高、色度深、含多种抑制菌物质、生物毒性大,难以生物降解的高浓度有机废水.文中简要介绍了高级氧化技术的原理、特点,重点阐述各种高级氧化技术作为抗生素制药废水的处理法,尤其是预处理法的优势及其应用进展,并在此基础上,对高级氧化技术处理抗生素废水的研究前景进行了展望.     

α-Triazolylboronic Acids: A Promising Scaffold for Effective Inhibitors of KPCs

Boronic acids are known reversible covalent inhibitors of serine β-lactamases. The selectivity and high potency of specific boronates bearing an amide side chain that mimics the β-lactam's amide side chain have been advanced in several studies. Herein, we describe a new class of boronic acids in which the amide group is replaced by a bioisostere triazole. The boronic acids were obtained in a two-step synthesis that relies on the solid and versatile copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) followed by boronate deprotection. All of the compounds show very good inhibition of the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase KPC-2, with K_i values ranging from 1 nM to 1 μM, and most of them are able to restore cefepime activity against K. pneumoniae harboring bla_KPC-2. In particular, compound 1 e , bearing a sulfonamide substituted by a thiophene ring, proved to be an excellent KPC-2 inhibitor (K_i=30 nM); it restored cefepime susceptibility in KPC-Kpn cells (MIC=0.5 μg/mL) with values similar to that of vaborbactam (K_i=20 nM, MIC in KPC-Kpn 0.5 μg/mL). Our findings suggest that α-triazolylboronates might represent an effective scaffold for the treatment of KPC-mediated infections.     

eDNA Inactivation and Biofilm Inhibition by the PolymericBiocide Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Hydrochloride (PHMG-Cl)

The choice of effective biocides used for routine hospital practice should consider the role of disinfectants in the maintenance and development of local resistome and how they might affect antibiotic resistance gene transfer within the hospital microbial population. Currently, there is little understanding of how different biocides contribute to eDNA release that may contribute to gene transfer and subsequent environmental retention. Here, we investigated how different biocides affect the release of eDNA from mature biofilms of two opportunistic model strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (PA) and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (SA) and contribute to the hospital resistome in the form of surface and water contaminants and dust particles. The effect of four groups of biocides, alcohols, hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, and the polymeric biocide polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG-Cl), was evaluated using PA and SA biofilms. Most biocides, except for PHMG-Cl and 70% ethanol, caused substantial eDNA release, and PHMG-Cl was found to block biofilm development when used at concentrations of 0.5% and 0.1%. This might be associated with the formation of DNA–PHMG-Cl complexes as PHMG-Cl is predicted to bind to AT base pairs by molecular docking assays. PHMG-Cl was found to bind high-molecular DNA and plasmid DNA and continued to inactivate DNA on surfaces even after 4 weeks. PHMG-Cl also effectively inactivated biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance gene eDNA released by a pan-drug-resistant Klebsiella strain, which demonstrates the potential of a polymeric biocide as a new surface-active agent to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance in hospital settings.     

四川泡菜发酵原料-灯笼辣椒附生乳酸菌的抗生素耐药性评估与耐药基因分析

以四川泡菜蔬菜原料——新鲜灯笼辣椒为对象,分析其表面附生乳酸菌Enterococcus mundtii（5 株）、Enterococcus faecalis（2 株）、Enterococcus hirae（5 株）、Lactococcus lactis（7 株）、Leuconostocmesenteroides（2 株）、Leuconostoc holzapfelii（3 株）和Weissella cibaria（79 株）对青霉素（penicillin,PEN）、红霉素（erythromycin,ERY）、四环素（tetracycline,TET）、链霉素（streptomycin,STR）和氯霉素（chloramphenicol,CHL）的抗生素耐药性和耐药基因分布,为制定合理的食品安全防控措施提供科学依据。研究表明：所有分离菌株均无PEN和ERY耐药性,其他种属部分菌株对TET、STR和CHL表现出单一、二重或三重耐药性。除E. hirae、E. faecalis和L. holzapfelii部分菌株对STR表现出单一耐药性外,所有L. mesenteroide菌株只表现出了STR单一耐药性;STR和TET、STR和CHL二重耐药菌株在E. faecalis、E. hirae、L. lactis和W. cibaria分离菌株中都有发现,但是STR、TET、CHL三重耐药菌株仅在W. cibaria中发现。聚合酶链式反应检测发现：除基因norA、sepA、tet(A)、tet(O)和aac(6’)-aph(2’)未被检出外,其他耐药菌株都有相应1 个或多个耐药基因被检出。多重耐药外排泵基因efrA、tolC、norC、sugE和mdfA较核糖体蛋白质保护和酶修饰基因检出率高,分别达到了49%、41%、48%、41%和47%。虽然辣椒表面附生乳酸菌的抗生素耐药基因在四川泡菜发酵过程中的扩散行为需要进一步研究,但根据食品加工过程安全规范标准,也应关注其表面附生的乳酸菌抗生素耐药性存在的潜在食品安全问题。     

益生菌选择性计数方法的研究

介绍了双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌复合菌株菌落计数的方法，并通过正交实验筛选得到双歧杆菌选择性计数的最适抗菌素；同时改变培养环境也能对嗜酸乳杆菌进行选择性计数。     

食源性普罗威登斯菌的分离鉴定和耐药性研究

本文研究了食源性普罗威登斯菌在肉类食品中的的分布,以及其耐药表型与I型整合子的携带状况。本文采集了市售猪肉、鸡肉和牛肉等肉类食品,对普罗威登斯菌进行分离与鉴定;采用纸片扩散法对已分离鉴定的普罗威登斯菌进行药敏实验;利用聚合酶链式反应技术筛选携带I型整合子的菌株。结果表明,85份样品中,有38份样品检出普罗威登斯菌,检出率达44.70%。38株普罗威登斯菌中,有44.74%的分离株是多重耐药菌株,最多耐6种抗生素。有两株普罗威登斯菌携带I型整合酶,一株拉氏普罗威登斯菌携带耐药基因盒。这是在国内肉类食品分离的普罗威登斯菌中首次发现I型整合子阳性菌株,表明食品中这种携带有多重耐药的菌株有可能通过食物链向人类传播,是对人类健康造成威胁的潜在危险因素。     

样品前处理QuEChERS法及新型吸附材料在水产品中抗生素残留分析中的应用进展

抗生素的不合理使用,给水产品带来了一系列的潜在食用安全风险。品种繁多且残留痕量的抗生素也为食品安全检测带来了新的挑战,发展准确、快速、简便、高效且安全的前处理方法尤为重要。QuEChERS法作为一种新型样品前处理技术,现已逐渐应用到水产品抗生素残留检测中,并可实现较好的回收率。由于水产品中蛋白质和脂类含量高,样品基质复杂,使用经典QuEChERS法无法满足抗生素分析需求,改良其提取方法和净化方法是保证分析结果的关键。本文综述QuEChERS法原理特点,总结归纳其在针对水产品抗生素分析上的主要方法改良手段,并就近十年来改良QuEChERS法在水产品抗生素残留分析中的应用进行文献归纳,同时介绍新型吸附材料在该领域的使用,为探索新的净化方式提供参考,以期帮助检测人员持续优化改进QuEChERS法,推动和扩大QuEChERS法在水产品抗生素残留分析中的应用范围。     

Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Food Products: A Comprehensive Review

Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic pathogen that has been involved in several deadly illness outbreaks. Future outbreaks may be more difficult to manage because of the emergence of antibiotic resistance among L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food products. The present review summarizes the available evidence on the emergence of antibiotic resistance among L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food products and the possible ways this resistance has developed. Furthermore, the resistance of food L. monocytogenes isolates to antibiotics currently used in the treatment of human listeriosis such as penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and gentamicin, has been documented. Acquisition of movable genetic elements is considered the major mechanism of antibiotic resistance development in L. monocytogenes. Efflux pumps have also been linked with resistance of L. monocytogenes to some antibiotics including fluoroquinolones. Some L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food products are intrinsically resistant to several antibiotics. However, factors in food processing chains and environments (from farm to table) including extensive or sub‐inhibitory antibiotics use, horizontal gene transfer, exposure to environmental stresses, biofilm formation, and presence of persister cells play crucial roles in the development of antibiotic resistance by L. monocytogenes.     

Antibiotic Resistance in Lactic Acid Bacteria and Micrococcaceae/Staphylococcaceae Isolates from Artisanal Raw Milk Cheeses, and Potential Implications on Cheese Making

ABSTRACT:  Antibiotic susceptibility against 19 antimicrobial agents was evaluated in isolates of the genera  Lactococcus  (46 isolates),  Leuconostoc  (22),  Lactobacillus  (19),  Staphylococcus  (8),  Enterococcus  (7), and  Microccoccus/Kocuria  (5) obtained from the predominant microflora of nonrecent and recent types of artisanal raw cow's milk cheeses. Beta-lactams showed broad activity against all genera, although leuconostocs and lactobacilli were highly resistant to oxacillin (80% to 95.5%). Resistance to aminoglycosides was frequent for lactococci and enterococci (particularly for streptomycin), whereas lower rates of resistance were detected for lactobacilli and leuconostocs. Technologically interesting traits for the food industry were distributed among isolates that showed different degrees of resistance to common antibiotics. However, isolates showing resistance to less than 2 antibiotics were mainly those with properties of greatest technological interest (acidifying activity, proteolytic/lipolytic activities, or diacetyl production).     

海水中溶藻弧菌的分离、鉴定及其耐药性分析

用无菌采样器在上海临港海域采集100份海水,经过增菌培养和选择性分离后,进行3种生理生化鉴定和PCR鉴定,共得到33株溶藻弧菌.采用优化的K-B法测定分离菌株对20种抗生素的耐药性,结果表明:溶藻弧菌对四环素的耐药性最高(100.0％),其次是氨苄青霉素(97.0％)和羧苄青霉素(93.9％);对头孢吡肟、安曲南、红霉素、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星和氯霉素敏感.本次分离的溶藻弧菌具有严重的多重耐药性,所有分离菌均对3种及3种以上抗生素多重耐药,同时对6种及6种以上抗生素耐药的有15株(45.5％),同时对8种及8种以上抗生素耐药的有6株(18.2％).本次关于溶藻弧菌对抗生素的耐药性分析结果可以为食源性疾病控制提供参考依据,同时为溶藻弧菌的耐药机制的研究奠定理论基础.