Behaviour of Listeria monocytogenes in raw sausages (merguez) in presence of a bacteriocin-producing lactococcal strain as a protective culture

The effectiveness of a bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis M in reducing population level and growth of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 in fermented merguez sausage was examined. Two different formulas (with or without added nitrites) were assayed and predetermined numbers of Listeria (ca 10⁶ cfu g⁻¹) were added to sausage mixture. The effect of in situ production of the bacteriocin by Lactococcus lactis M on Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 during fermentation and storage of merguez sausages at room (ca 22 °C) or at refrigeration (ca 7 °C) temperature was tested. Results indicated that counts of Listeria monocytogenes were decreased during fermentation of merguez samples fermented with either the bacteriocin-producing Lactococcus lactis M (Bac⁺) or a nonbacteriocin-producing Lactococcus lactis J (Bac⁻). However, reduction in Listeria cfu's was greater in samples fermented with the Bac⁺ than in those fermented with the Bac⁻ starter. In merguez sausage made without nitrites addition, the Bac⁺ starter induced further decrease in Listeria counts by 1.5 log cycles compared with that induced by the Bac⁻ starter. While in merguez samples with added nitrites (0.4%), the effect of the bacteriocin produced in situ was less important than in those made without nitrites addition.     

Chemical and genetic characterization of bacteriocins: antimicrobial peptides for food safety

Antimicrobial peptides are produced across all domains of life. Among these diverse compounds, those produced by bacteria have been most successfully applied as agents of biocontrol in food and agriculture. Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized, proteinaceous compounds that inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria. Even within the subcategory of bacteriocins, the peptides vary significantly in terms of the gene cluster responsible for expression, and chemical and structural composition. The polycistronic gene cluster generally includes a structural gene and various combinations of immunity, secretion, and regulatory genes and modifying enzymes. Chemical variation can exist in amino acid identity, chain length, secondary and tertiary structural features, as well as specificity of active sites. This diversity posits bacteriocins as potential antimicrobial agents with a range of functions and applications. Those produced by food‐grade bacteria and applied in normally occurring concentrations can be used as GRAS‐status food additives. However, successful application requires thorough characterization. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Monitoring of the multiple bacteriocin production by Enterococcus faecium NKR-5-3 through a developed liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry-based quantification system

Enterococcus faecium NKR-5-3 produces four antimicrobial peptides referred here as enterocins NKR-5-3A, B, C and D. A two-step electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (ESI-LC/MS)-based quantification system was developed to monitor its multiple bacteriocin production profiles, which is essential in understanding the complex production regulation mechanism of strain NKR-5-3. The developed ESI-LC/MS-based quantification system can easily monitor the multiple bacteriocin production of this strain. Using the developed system, the production of enterocin NKR-5-3B was found to be not as variable as those of the other enterocins in different cultivation media. Production of enterocin NKR-5-3B was also found to have a wider optimum incubation temperature (20-30°C) than enterocins NKR-5-3A, C and D (25°C). Furthermore, at least 2?nM of the bacteriocin-like inducing peptide, enterocin NKR-5-3D, regulated the production of NKR-5-3 enterocins except enterocin NKR-5-3B. These findings taken together suggest that enterocin NKR-5-3B has an independent production regulation mechanism from the other NKR-5-3 enterocins. The developed system could effectively pin-point the production profiles of the multiple bacteriocins of E.?faecium NKR-5-3 under different fermentation conditions.     

细菌素的抑菌机制及其在食品工业中应用进展

由致病菌等微生物污染所引起的食源性疾病和食品腐败变质始终是食品工业面临的巨大难题,而传统的抗生素防腐剂所产生的细菌耐药性会对人体健康造成潜在的威胁。出于人们对于安全和绿色防腐剂的巨大需求,细菌素的研究愈发成为焦点,以期发现可有效控制食源性病原体的新型抗菌物质。细菌素是细菌分泌的多肽或前体多肽,分子量在1~100 ku之间不均匀分布,可以杀死或抑制同一生态系统中竞争营养物质的敏感细菌,少数细菌素还表现出抗病毒和抗真菌等特性。已有研究发现的细菌素具有不同的作用模式,例如：成孔、抑制细胞壁/核酸/蛋白质合成等。该研究综述了细菌素的种类与抑菌作用机制,并结合最新的细菌素在食品工业上的应用,全面概述了细菌素抑菌的特性及其对未来食品行业的应用前景与展望,为细菌素更好的应用在食品工业中提供一定的理论依据,同时对推动食品防腐保鲜技术的革新发展具有重要的意义。     

和田地区酸奶中产细菌素乳酸菌的筛选及细菌素特性的研究

从和田地区酸奶中筛选出了乳酸菌A3,其所产抑菌物质在排除过氧化氢和有机酸的干扰及蛋白酶失活实验后,可以初步确定是一种细菌素。该细菌素对热较稳定,在酸性条件下表现出很好的抑菌活性,同时具有广谱的抑菌活性。根据该菌株的形态和生理生化特性,将A3菌株初步鉴定为肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenteroides)。     

具有高效抑菌活性的肠道乳酸菌的筛选

目的:以从新疆和田维吾尔族长寿老人肠道中分离鉴定的18株实验菌和9株来自一般健康人肠道中的实验菌株作为研究对象,筛选具有高效抑菌作用的菌株,并确定起抑菌作用的可疑物质的性质。方法:采用滤纸片法筛选高抑菌活性的菌株,同时通过不同处理(温度、酸度、酶浓度)测定抑菌活性的变化,最后利用高效液相色谱法测定有机酸的含量并测定有机酸的抑菌能力。结果:从这27株中筛选出了三株具有广谱、高效抑菌作用乳酸菌,对这三株乳酸菌的抑菌成分进行了研究,最后发现起抑菌作用的物质是细菌素和短链有机酸。结论:27株实验菌株都有一定的抑菌能力,但从长寿老人粪便中分离出的所有菌株抑菌能力强于来自一般人肠道的所有菌株。乳酸菌代谢产物——有机酸(乳酸、丁酸和乙酸)和细菌素类(对热稳定且对酸和蛋白酶敏感)做主要底物进行抑菌实验。实验结果,在低pH条件下两类物质有明显的抑菌作用。     

片球菌素的纯化及稳定性研究

片球菌素是一类具有良好热稳定性的未修饰的小分子蛋白质。其理化性质稳定,能抑制多种革兰氏阳性菌,对单核细胞增多症李氏杆菌抑制作用最为显著。文中着重总结了近年来在片球菌素稳定性及分离纯化方法领域的研究进展,同时也对其研究过程中存在的问题进行了探讨。     

产宽谱pH 细菌素乳酸菌的筛选鉴定、毒力检测及细菌素特性研究

采用琼脂扩散法从分离自川西高原奶渣的34株疑似乳酸球菌中筛选细菌素产生菌,初筛检测发酵上清液抑菌活性,复筛排除有机酸和H2O2干扰,检测蛋白酶敏感性,测定抑菌物质盐析液和粗提液抑菌活性,确定菌株SAU-2为细菌素产生菌。根据形态、生理生化指标和16S rDNA序列系统发育分析,将其鉴定为Enterococcus。肠球菌SAU-2溶血素表型阴性,agg、gelE、cylM、cylB、cylA、esp、efaAfm、cpd、cob、ccf、cyILL、cyILS、fsrB和hyLEfm等毒力因子基因型阴性,表明肠球菌SAU-2是安全的。所产细菌素可耐受121℃条件20min;在pH2.0～12.0有抑菌活性;对胰蛋白酶和蛋白酶K敏感,对木瓜蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶不敏感;主要对近缘乳酸菌和G+细菌有抑菌活性,除对1株铜绿假单胞菌和1株红酵母有抑菌活性外,对其余G－细菌和真菌无抑制作用。     

产抗李斯特菌细菌素乳酸菌的筛选与鉴定

从51株肠球菌中筛选出2株具有抑制李斯特菌活性的肠球菌菌株:肠球菌KLDS6.0610和肠球菌KLDS6.0611。在排除有机酸和过氧化氢的干扰后,2株菌的无细胞发酵上清液对指示菌还有强烈的抑制作用。经蛋白酶K处理后,抑菌活性丧失,证明无细胞发酵上清液中含有蛋白性质的抑菌物质,即细菌素。经菌体形态和16SrDNA序列同源性分析鉴定2株肠球菌均为粪肠球菌。     

植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)CW5的筛选及细菌素抑菌活性的研究

为了提高抑菌活性,对植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)CW5产细菌素的发酵条件进行了优化,分别研究了培养时间、温度、接种量、培养基起始pH、培养基碳源、氮源等因素对细菌素产生的影响,通过单因素水平实验和正交实验,确定产细菌素的最佳培养基组合和最佳发酵条件为:葡萄糖3%,胰蛋白胨1.5%,蛋白胨1.5%,酵母膏1%,硫酸镁0.058%,吐温80 0.2%,30℃培养24 h,培养基起始pH为6.5,接种量2%。CW5在优化前效价为367.82 IU/mL,优化后效价为1619.85 IU/mL,提高了340.39%。