肉苁蓉保健食品原料的质量研究

目的研究保健食品原料肉苁蓉的质量情况。方法依据2015年版《中国药典》和食品安全国家标准对6批荒漠肉苁蓉和6批管花肉苁蓉的标志性成分、外源性污染物等理化指标项目进行检测。结果荒漠肉苁蓉和管花肉苁蓉标志性成分相似,含量存在差异,外源性污染物检测均符合要求。结论采集的6批荒漠肉苁蓉和6批管花肉苁蓉作为保健食品原料均符合2015年版《中国药典》和GB 16740-2014《食品安全国家标准保健食品》的要求。     

实时荧光定量PCR鉴定肉制品中牛源性成分及其含量

建立一种快速、准确鉴定牛肉制品中牛源性成分并且量化牛肉成分含量的方法。以牛线粒体细胞色素b基因为靶基因,设计出具有特异性引物。选择真核生物核糖体16SrDNA为内参基因,采用实时荧光相对定量法。牛肉质量百分比的对数值与之对应的循环阈值差值△Ct呈良好线性关系。标准曲线回归公式为y=-3.3645x+0.8737,R2=0.9926,扩增效率达98.25%。通过模拟混合样品对标准曲线进行质量评估,证明该方法适用于对牛肉成分的鉴定以及含量的检测,为量化肉制品中牛肉成分研究提供参考意见。     

榨前微波处理对油茶粕活性成分及抗氧化性的影响

通过不同微波功率和时间辐射油茶籽,测定油茶粕中茶皂素、蛋白质、粗多糖、总酚、糠氨酸含量以及DPPH自由基清除能力的变化规律,研究榨前微波处理对油茶粕活性成分及抗氧化性的影响。结果表明:随微波加热时间延长,低功率(245、420 W)微波处理油茶籽后,油茶粕中茶皂素含量稍有上升,随后下降;较高功率(560、700 W)微波处理后,茶皂素含量呈上升趋势;微波处理对油茶粕中蛋白质含量影响不大;微波处理后油茶粕中粗多糖含量整体呈下降趋势,但420、560、700 W处理20、5、10 min后含量分别比初始升高66.9%、79.6%和116.0%;微波处理后油茶粕中总酚含量呈先降低后升高再降低的趋势,且微波功率越高,总酚含量越高;微波功率较低(245 W)时,糠氨酸含量先降低后略有升高,微波功率较高(420、560、700 W)时,糠氨酸含量先升高后降低。245 W和700 W微波功率处理时油茶粕对DPPH自由基清除率先升高后降低,560 W时呈整体上升趋势,420 W呈波动状态。     

模糊数学感官评价法优化茶树菇牛肉酱制作工艺

为探究茶树菇牛肉酱的最佳制作工艺,在豆瓣酱的基础上加入茶树菇、酱卤牛肉、橄榄油等原料制作茶树菇牛肉酱,选取色泽、口感、气味、形态为评价因素,通过模糊数学感官评价法评判茶树菇牛肉酱的品质。结果表明,以净重250g为参照标准,在盐1.5%、糖3%、味精1%、料酒2.5%、葱3.5%、姜2%、蒜3.5%、香油2%、清水6%的基础上,当豆瓣酱添加量为35%,茶树菇添加量为12%,酱卤牛肉添加量为20%,橄榄油添加量为8%时,茶树菇牛肉酱模糊感官综合评分高达85.3,成品具有红润油亮、鲜辣咸香的特点,具备卤牛肉独特的鲜香风味。     

Effect of phosvitin on lipid and protein oxidation in ground beef treated with high hydrostatic pressure

In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of phosvitin on lipid and protein oxidation of raw and cooked ground beef treated with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). Ground beef patty with 0, 500, or 1000 mg phosvitin/kg meat was treated with HHP at 0.1, 300, or 600 MPa. Half of the patties were used in a raw meat analysis, and the other half were used in a cooked meat analysis. Phosvitin and HHP treatment at 300 MPa synergistically reduced microbial growth, and HHP treatment at 600 MPa reduced microbial counts to undetectable levels (< 1 log CFU/g) throughout the length of the study in all samples. Phosvitin delayed lipid and protein oxidation in HHP-treated cooked and raw ground beef, respectively. However, phosvitin had no effect on the color changes of raw ground beef attributable to HHP. The results indicated that phosvitin could enhance the stability of lipids and proteins but not color changes of raw ground beef caused by HHP.     

The physiologic state of Escherichia coli O157:H7 does not affect its detection in two commercial real-time PCR-based tests

Multiplex real-time PCR detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an efficient molecular tool with high sensitivity and specificity for meat safety assurance. The Biocontrol GDS^® and DuPont Qualicon BAX^®-RT rapid detection systems are two commercial tests based on real-time PCR amplification with potential applications for quantification of specific E. coli O157:H7 gene targets in enriched meat samples. However, there are arguments surrounding the use of these tests to predict pre-enrichment concentrations of E. coli O157:H7, as well as arguments pertaining to the influence of non-viable cells causing false positive results. The present study attempts to illustrate the effects of different bacterial physiologic states and the presence of non-viable cells on the ability of these systems to accurately measure contamination levels of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef. While the PCR threshold cycle (C_T) values of these assays showed a direct correlation with the number of bacteria present in pure cultures, this was not the case for ground beef samples spiked with various levels of injured or healthy cells. Furthermore, comparison of post-enrichment cell densities of bacteria did not correlate with injured or healthy cell numbers inoculated before enrichment process. Ground beef samples spiked with injured or healthy cells at different doses could not be distinguished by C_T values from either assay. In addition, the contribution of nonviable cells in generating positive real-time PCR signals was investigated using both assays on pre-enriched and post-enriched beef samples, but only if inoculated at levels of 10⁶ cells/sample or higher, which are levels not typically seen in ground beef.     

Ice Cream: Foam Formation and Stabilization—A Review

Ice cream has been studied from ingredients to process conditions, ice crystal formation to ice crystal growth, and ingredient selection to eating quality. One of the key aspects of ice cream is air cells, as formation and acceptance of ice cream rely on foam production and stabilization. Air cells in ice cream provide a unique structure that governs many of this product's keeping and eating qualities. The air cells are dependent upon ice cream mix composition (fat, protein, and surface active ingredients) as well as processing conditions (freezer shear force, hardening time, and storage temperatures). Optical, low-temperature scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy are applied to observe the morphology and size of air cells in ice cream. Air cells are crucial in forming the product and for eating quality and enjoyment.     

牛肉真空滚揉条件对白卤牛肉品质和出成率的影响

为探讨真空滚揉技术在卤牛肉加工中的应用,论文分析了牛肉真空滚揉时真空度、转速、滚揉时间、载荷量、原料初始温度和静腌时间对白卤牛肉主要成分、感官品质、色度、质构特性及出成率的影响。将初始温度为0～5℃的牛肉、3.3%食盐和0.1%花椒放入滚揉器中,载荷量60%,真空度6 kPa,4 r/min滚揉15 min,静置10 min;加入1.3%洋葱汁、1.2%香芹汁、2.5%胡萝卜汁和1.8%二锅头,重复滚揉1次;出料后0～5℃静腌12h。采用上述操作条件腌制的牛肉加工的白卤牛肉的品质和出成率均较高。     

传统发酵豆酱的养分变化分析

研究传统发酵豆酱发酵过程中的养分变化规律,从而为传统发酵豆酱的工业化生产控制奠定理论基础。以北方传统自然发酵豆酱为研究对象,应用国标法,测定了发酵不同阶段的水分、pH值、总酸、还原糖、氨基酸态氮、脂肪的变化。结果表明:在自然发酵过程中,14%含盐量的豆酱和8%含盐量的豆酱的养分变化情况大致一样,水分变化在64%和72%上下波动;pH值变化都是下降的;总酸含量变化都是上升的,发酵后期趋于平缓;氨基酸态氮含量变化都是逐渐增加,但最后又略有下降;还原糖含量变化都是前2周下降,2～4周急剧上升,4～5周急剧下降,5～7周略有下降;脂肪含量变化都是下降的,但前2周缓慢下降,2～7周急剧下降后趋于平缓。14%含盐量的豆酱与8%含盐量的豆酱相比水分含量低、pH高、总酸含量低、氨基酸态氮含量低、脂肪含量高。     

美拉德反应制备牛肉提取物的工艺研究

对利用美拉德反应制备牛肉提取物的工艺进行了研究。牛肉提取物是以新鲜牛肉为原料通过生物酶解或熬煮提取,浓缩后加入其他调味原料精制而成。富含氨基酸、肽类、多糖等营养成分。本研究将牛肉提取物和美拉德反应相结合,利用美拉德反应生香原理制备了牛肉提取物。根据正交试验和感官评定方法确定了牛肉提取物美拉德反应的最佳条件为:维生素B10.4%,L-半胱氨酸1.2%,牛脂5%,葡萄糖4%,反应温度115℃,反应时间60分钟。根据最佳美拉德反应条件制作了牛肉提取物产品。该产品香气口感浓郁,真实自然,具有以下特点:1、肉味醇厚,肉香浓郁;2、产生后味和厚味;3、赋香效果;4、便于突出食品的风味特性。可广泛应用于肉制品、方便面、调味品、冷冻调理食品、休闲食品等领域,可为此类产品的开发研究提供参考。