固定化微生物细胞降解邻苯二甲酸二丁酯

The biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP） using immobilized microbial cells was carded out in an internal airlift loop reactor with ceramic honeycomb supports. A strain that is capable of degrading DBP was isolated from the activated sludge and identified as Bacillus sp. using 16S rDNA sequential analysis. Bacillus sp. could be rapidly attached onto the ceramic honeycomb supports. The immobilized cells could effectively degrade DBP in batch and continuous experiments. When the influent concentration of DBP was 50mg·L^-1, the effluent DBP reached less than lmg.L i with 6h hydraulic retention time （HRT） in continuous experiment. The immobilized microbial cells could grow and accumulate through the biodegradation of DBP, and the rate of degradation is accordingly increased. The possible pathway of DBP biodegradation using immobilized cells was tentatively proposed.     

PAHs代谢物对PAHs生物降解的影响作用

分别研究了芽胞杆菌CN2降解蒽产生的代谢物对蒽生物降解的影响和菲产生的代谢物对菲生物降解的影响.试验结果表明:(1)外加蒽(或菲)代谢物,对蒽(或菲)的降解均表现出促进作用.蒽156 h累计去除率可提高3.07%～6.10%,菲60 h累计去除率可提高13.14%～30.35%.(2)在芽胞杆菌CN2作用下,蒽(或菲)生物降解过程能够用一级动力学方程式较准确地描述,外加代谢物可以增大降解反应表观速率常数k值;从不同时段内蒽(或菲)的降解速率看,反应初期0～2 h内,外加代谢物对蒽(或菲)的降解速率提高最为明显,对蒽可提高0.281～1.20 mg/L·h,对菲可提高0.570～1.13 mg/L·h.(3)外加代谢物对蒽(或菲)降解液的pH值有缓冲作用,使降解液的pH值随降解时间下降趋势减缓.     

一种假单胞菌SY5降解石油的动力学研究

为了确定石油降解菌对石油污染物的生物降解特性,选用分离得到的一株石油降解菌假单胞菌SY5,对其降解石油污染物的动力学特性进行了研究．研究结果表明,在30℃,pH=7．2的反应条件下,所筛选的SY5菌对石油具有良好的降解能力,降解石油的反应基本符合一级反应动力学,且随石油初始浓度的增大,SY5降解石油的速率减小,降解受到抑制．在生物降解的过程中,SY5的生长曲线具有明显增长和衰减曲线．在生长阶段,产率系数Y值为0．3873．在内源呼吸阶段,衰减系数bd值为0．1805d^-1,SY5菌自身氧化速度比较快．SY5生物降解石油Monod方程的最大比增长速率胁,和半饱和常数Ks分别为1．6d^-1和150mg／L．     

GAC-BAF联合工艺处理高浓度含酚废水

采用活性炭（GAC）吸附-曝气生物滤池（BAF）降解联合工艺处理高浓度含酚废水,对GAC吸附、再生,BAF降解,GAC—BAF联合工艺运行工况进行了研究。结果表明：该联合工艺能有效降解含酚废水;GAC吸附容量与进水流量无关,吸附效果在原水进水pH=3．0、温度20±2℃下达到最佳;反冲进水碱性条件下对GAC解吸再生有利,反冲流量对再生有一定影响;BAF对含酚废水的容忍浓度为1100mg／L,GAC再生废水进入BAF之前需稀释至微生物适宜的pH值和苯酚浓度;GAC—BAF联合工艺中GAC柱进水流量的选择应确保BAF床有足够时间对已吸附饱和的另一平行GAC柱完成再生。该联合工艺将GAC吸附和BAF生物降解结合成连续运行的方式,使得苯酚废水处理过程不受GAC再生的影响,解决了传统GAC吸附和生物降解不适宜处理高浓度含酚废水的缺点。     

Biodegradation of low‐density polyethylene/thermoplastic starch foams before and after electron beam irradiation

Foamy low‐density polyethylene/plasticized starch (LDPE/PLST) blends at different compositions were produced in the presence of azodicarbonamide (ACA) compound as foaming agent. The LDPE/PLST blends before and after electron beam irradiation were investigated in terms of mechanical properties, bulk density, and structure morphology. Moreover, the biodegradability of these materials was evaluated by the soil burial test for 2 months, in which the buried sheets were also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the increase of PLST content from 24 to 30% was accompanied by a decrease in the yield and break stresses of 10 and 20% for the unirradiated blends without the foaming agent, respectively. Further decrease in these mechanical parameters was observed after the foaming process. The bulk density, void fraction, cell size measurements as well as the examination by SEM illustrate clearly the cell growth of the foam structure. The soil burial test and SEM micrographs indicate the growth of microorganisms overall the blend sheets and that the blend was completely damaged after two months of burying. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

白腐菌Panus conchatus降解稻草木素机理研究──(一)低分子木素降解产物各组分的分离及特征

经白腐菌Panusconchatuss发酵15天的稻草用乙酸乙酯进行抽提可有效分离出生物作用后的低分子量木煮降解产物。利用这些低分子降解产物在酸碱度不同的介质以及不同的有机溶剂中的溶解度不同进一步分离、分级和提纯，获得酚类（LP），芳香酸类（LA1—4）以及中性物质三个组份。我们发现LP与LA是降解产物中的主要组份，它们的得率分别为51．1％和34．4％。如此高的LP得率是白腐菌P．conchatus降解稻草木素的重要特征。本文还利用红外光谱和核磁共振技术对LP和LA中最多的一个组份LA—1的可能化学结构特征进行剖析。     

关于木素生物降解酶类活力测定问题的讨论

由于木素结构和生物降解过程复杂多样，全面测定一个菌株的木素降解活力也比较困难，目前已发现三类主要参与木素降解的酶类（LIP、MnP、漆酶），但至今很少有国际上公认的酶活力测定方法，也未见到能把某一菌株木素降解酶类的活力与其在木质纤维材料中降解木素的能力定量关联的报导。本文综合评述了几类主要的木素降解酶类活力测定方法的作用机制和存在的问题，指出一个菌株的木素降解活力是由它的生理特性和总体代谢能力共同决定的，仅由一类或几类酶活力的表现水平难以对其作出确切的评价，从这个角度出发进行研究才能更客现他认识菌株的木素降解活力．     

Preparation and properties of β-tricalcium phosphate porous bioceramic

Porous β-tricalcium phosphate bioceramic (PTCP) has important roles in surgical implants because of good biocompatibility. But the low compressive strength of the ceramic limits its application. The preparation of PTCP was improved with the adjustment of the constituents and the sintering-process. A new type of PTCP material with high compressive strength was made. The compositions, microstructure and properties of PTCP were analyzed by TG-DSC, XRD, TEM, SEM and so on. The result indicates that stearic acid burns sufficiently and gives out carbon dioxide and water vapor when slowly heated between 200 ℃ and 400 ℃ so that the porous structure like coral in β-TCP bioceramic is formed. Through crystallization at 470 ℃ and 570 ℃, more CaO-P2O5 glass-cement is converted into crystallite-glass, which is beneficial for improving the compressive strength of β-TCP bioceramic.PTCP can form a support action in bone imperfect section with good solubility.     

麦秸强化微生物降解石油烃及场地试验

在油-盐混合污染耕地的耕作层中施加麦秸以强化水浸洗盐和促进微生物对石油烃的降解.通过实验考察了麦秸添加量对降解石油烃所用的阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)和刺孢小克银汉霉菌(Cunninghamella echinulata)的生长及其对于石油烃降解行为的影响.结果发现,在土壤中添加5%(质量分数)麦秸可使土壤中的细菌和真菌生物量提高至对照样品的25和3倍;19 d时总石油烃降解率从29.2% 提高到48.0%,其中饱和烃、芳烃的降解率分别从31.5%和39.1%提高到55.7%和55.9%.在中原油田污染耕地现场试验结果表明,石油烃降解菌添加25 d后,添加麦秸的修复土壤中的细菌和真菌生物量为对照土壤的158和9倍;45 d后试验地块中的总石油烃质量分数降至0.3%以下,石油烃降解率最高达到75%.上述结果显示出添加麦秸与真菌-细菌协同修复方法相结合在治理油-盐混合污染耕地中具有很好的应用前景.     

Fabricating Strong and Stiff Bioplastics from Whole Spirulina Cells

Since the 1950s, 8.3 billion tonnes (Bt) of virgin plastics have been produced, of which around 5 Bt have accumulated as waste in oceans and other natural environments, posing severe threats to entire ecosystems. The need for sustainable bio-based alternatives to traditional petroleum-derived plastics is evident. Bioplastics produced from unprocessed biological materials have thus far suffered from heterogeneous and non-cohesive morphologies, which lead to weak mechanical properties and lack of processability, hindering their industrial integration. Here, a fast, simple, and scalable process is presented to transform raw microalgae into a self-bonded, recyclable, and backyard-compostable bioplastic with attractive mechanical properties surpassing those of other biobased plastics such as thermoplastic starch. Upon hot-pressing, the abundant and photosynthetic algae spirulina forms cohesive bioplastics with flexural modulus and strength in the range 3–5 GPa and 25.5–57 MPa, respectively, depending on pre-processing conditions and the addition of nanofillers. The machinability of these bioplastics, along with self-extinguishing properties, make them promising candidates for consumer plastics. Mechanical recycling and fast biodegradation in soil are demonstrated as end-of-life options. Finally, the environmental impacts are discussed in terms of global warming potential, highlighting the benefits of using a carbon-negative feedstock such as spirulina to fabricate plastics.