合成润滑油多因素降解实验方法研究

以蓖麻油基润滑油为例,研究润滑油在非单一因素作用下的降解实验方法。在润滑油生物降解因素基础上增加非生物降解因素———光照,来模拟润滑油在自然环境中的真实降解情况,建立非单一降解因素联合作用下润滑油的室内降解实验方法,运用红外光谱法检测润滑油降解后残余含量,确定润滑油降解率。结果表明：新方案得到的实验数据具有较好的稳定性和重复性,且与文献结果具有较好的一致性;新实验方案可以得到润滑油的光降解率,虽然光降解率相对较低,但光对润滑油的降解作用不能忽略。     

Determination of the biodegradable fraction of dissolved organic matter in waters

Two bioassay procedures are proposed for determining biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) in waters. Both involves sterile filtration of the sample, reinoculation with a natural assemblage of bacteria from the same origin as the sample, and incubation for at least 10 days in the dark at 20°C. In the first procedure, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is followed, until a plateau is reached and the difference between initial and final DOC is taken as a measure of BDOC. In the second procedure, bacterial biomass and mortality rate are followed and the integrated flux of mortality during the incubation period is calculated and divided by the growth yield to give an estimate of BDOC. Both procedures provide closely concordant results.An example of application to the study of ozonation and biological activated carbon filtration in drinking water treatment is presented.     

矿用水基液压液的生物降解及测试方法

对矿用水基液压液的概念、分类及其在使用过程中对环境的影响进行了描述;对水基液压液生物降解性的评价方法和试验方法的选择进行了归纳和总结;并指出具备可生物降解特性的水基液压液是未来液压介质的发展方向。     

全淀粉降解塑料的研究进展

该文对淀粉降解塑料的国内外研究进展进行了综述,指出全淀粉降解塑料研究中存在的问题和发展趋势,认为全淀粉降解塑料是最有发展前景的生物降解塑料之一。引用文献34篇。     

异辛烷降解菌的筛选及其降解条件的研究

从大庆油田某采油井井台周围被石油污染的土壤中筛选到一株能以异辛烷为唯一碳源的菌株,命名为LSH01.通过形态学观察、生理生化特征鉴定,判断该菌株属芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus).通过绘制生长曲线,考察了异辛烷浓度、pH值、温度和接种量对菌株LSH01生长和异辛烷降解的影响,确定菌株LSH01的最适pH值为8.0、最适温...     

甲基叔丁基醚的降解技术研究进展

随着汽油添加剂甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）的普及使用和用量增加,其对环境和人体的危害受到了人们的普遍重视。主要介绍了MTBE在污染环境中的检测分析方法和降解技术研究进展,包括：物理吸附和曝气吹除、化学降解、生物降解和植物修复技术。分析了各种技术的原理及特点后指出,化学和生物降解MTBE可以将其对环境的危害降低到最低限度,是在修复由MTBE污染的环境时优先考虑的处理技术。     

Modification of LLDPE using esterified styrene maleic anhydride copolymer: Study of its properties and environmental degradability

Linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) was blended with decanol‐esterified styrene maleic anhydride copolymer (MDESMA) with an aim to enhance the environmental degradability of polyethylenes. Styrene‐maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) was synthesized by precipitation polymerization, using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. SMA was esterified with a long‐chain monoalcohol, n‐decanol, using methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) as solvent at 80°C to obtain monoesterified styrene‐maleic anhydride (MDESMA). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed to characterize SMA and MDESMA. IR spectra of MDESMA showed a decrease in intensity of peak responsible for carbonyl absorption of a five‐membered ring anhydride group along with broadening of carboxyl O? H stretching peak. TGA showed two‐stage degradation for SMA and MDESMA. LLDPE was blended with MDESMA in single‐screw extruder and blends were characterized thermally by DSC and TGA. A single endothermic melting peak of LLDPE/MDESMA blend was observed. Films of the blends, formed by compression molding, showed an increase in modulus of elasticity but a decrease in elongation at break with increasing concentration of MDESMA. LLDPE/MDESMA blend compositions when kept in phosphate/citric acid buffer solution (pH ～ 8) showed initial weight gain because of water absorption and subsequently loss in weight due to dissolution of soluble component of blends. Film samples of blends kept for soil burial also showed similar behavior. Contact‐angle measurement of film samples of the blends showed an increase in value on soil burial, indicating degradation/dissolution of MDESMA. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 102–108, 2004     

耐低温对硝基苯酚降解菌的降解动力学研究

以对硝基苯酚在10℃条件下的微生物降解过程为研究对象,融合单因素实验、细胞疏水性实验、细胞膜通透性实验与降解动力学实验探究菌株Pseudomonas sp. ZL对对硝基苯酚的低温降解特性。实验结果表明,在10℃条件下菌株Pseudomonas sp. ZL能够耐受并降解303.71 mg·L^-1的对硝基苯酚,最佳降解条件为pH=8.0,0.5% NaCl,1 g·L^-1 NH₄NO₃,该条件能够显著促进对硝基苯酚的降解速率并大大缩短降解的延迟时间。在10℃、单因素最佳条件下,对硝基苯酚降解菌的抑制降解动力学拟合符合Aiba模型,其中μ_max（最大比生长速率）为0.205 h^-1,K_s（半饱和系数）为3.40 mg·L^-1,K_i（底物抑制系数）为166.86 mg·L^-1,因此166.86 mg·L^-1即为该条件下菌株的低温降解抑制浓度。与其他降解菌株相比,菌株Pseudomonas sp. ZL的K_i和μ_max/K_s较大、K_s/K_i值较小,说明对硝基苯酚对该菌株的抑制作用较小,菌株的有效利用率更高,在原位修复低温地下水及土壤污染方面具有较高的应用潜力。     

海洋中石油烃类降解与微生物腐蚀关系研究

在工程实践中,国家重要的海洋工程设施（如海底输油管线和船舶燃料系统等）发生的腐蚀破坏案例常常涉及到油水环境,并与微生物腐蚀作用密切相关,而了解海洋含油环境中石油烃类的生物转换机制是了解微生物腐蚀的关键。阐述了海洋环境中降解石油烃类的主要微生物及其降解机制,其在有氧和无氧条件下呈现不同的特点。微生物降解石油烃类过程中非常重要的一步即为接受电子,该过程将生物无法直接利用的化学能转换成可直接利用的能量形式,即腺苷三磷酸（ATP）。有氧条件下的烃类降解以氧气作为最终电子受体,而在缺氧条件下可利用硝酸盐、铁离子、硫酸盐等作为电子受体。海洋环境中的石油烃类会促进腐蚀性硫化物的生成,因此油水环境下的微生物腐蚀机理以硫化物的腐蚀破坏为主。此外,烃类降解过程产生的琥珀酸等酸性中间代谢物也会加剧腐蚀的发生。但目前关于海洋油水环境中微生物群落作为一个整体展现出的功能性及其对钢铁设施的破坏机理,仍然缺乏系统性的研究,而基于高通量测序的微生物组学研究技术将成为有效解决这些问题的手段之一。     

污水处理中物化与兼性生化低温下的协同作用

针对兼性生化低温状态去除效果差、污泥易流失等问题,提出采取物化兼性生化联用法来提高其处理效果.并采用对比法研究物化、兼性生化及二者联用技术处理低温城市污水.研究结果表明在聚合氯化铝（PAC）投加量为20mg/L时,物化与兼性生化在COD、浊度及TP的去除方面表现出良好的协同作用,但脱氮效果一般;二者协同作用能以较小的投药量有效改善低温状态兼性生化处理效果及污泥流失现象,为后续生态单元的稳定运行提供了保障.