Modifying the Processing and Handling of Frozen Broccoli for Increased Sulforaphane Formation

Frozen broccoli can provide a cheaper product, with a longer shelf life and less preparation time than fresh broccoli. We previously showed that several commercially available frozen broccoli products do not retain the ability to generate the cancer‐preventative agent sulforaphane. We hypothesized that this was because the necessary hydrolyzing enzyme myrosinase was destroyed during blanching, as part of the processing that frozen broccoli undergoes. This study was carried out to determine a way to overcome loss of hydrolyzing activity. Industrial blanching usually aims to inactivate peroxidase, although lipoxygenase plays a greater role in product degradation during frozen storage of broccoli. Blanching at 86 °C or higher inactivated peroxidase, lipoxygenase, and myrosinase. Blanching at 76 °C inactivated 92% of lipoxygenase activity, whereas there was only an 18% loss in myrosinase‐dependent sulforaphane formation. We considered that thawing frozen broccoli might disrupt membrane integrity, allowing myrosinase and glucoraphanin to come into contact. Thawing frozen broccoli for 9 h did not support sulforaphane formation unless an exogenous source of myrosinase was added. Thermal stability studies showed that broccoli root, as a source of myrosinase, was not more heat stable than broccoli floret. Daikon radish root supported some sulforaphane formation even when heated at 125 °C for 10 min, a time and temperature comparable to or greater than microwave cooking. Daikon radish (0.25%) added to frozen broccoli that was then allowed to thaw supported sulforaphane formation without any visual alteration to that of untreated broccoli.     

雪莲薯原汁加工工艺及其对双歧杆菌生长的影响

为研究雪莲薯原汁的加工工艺及其对双歧杆菌生长的影响,在漂烫工艺中,选用100℃、2.5min 的工艺条件,通过正交试验确定纤维素酶酶解的最佳工艺条件为纤维素酶用量0.08%(m/m)、pH5、温度50℃、酶解时间45min。利用果胶酶提高雪莲薯汁的澄清度,果胶酶用量为0.14%。雪莲薯原汁可有效促进双歧杆菌的生长,10%(m/m)添加量可使双歧杆菌生长量增加53%,20%(m/m)添加量对大肠杆菌有一定抑制作用。     

绿色蔬菜汁的热烫护绿

以色度值－a*/b*为指标,研究了甜椒和黄瓜制取绿色蔬菜汁时Zn2 护色的优化热烫条件,结论为热烫温度85度,热烫时间1min,Zn2 浓度为0．05％,PH为8．5时制汁最佳。     

加工处理方式对冲菜中硫代葡萄糖苷的影响

采用高效液相色谱法,对冲菜中主要的硫代葡萄糖苷种类和含量进行分析,并选择微波、热烫和蒸汽3种方法对冲菜进行处理,研究冲菜中硫代葡萄糖苷在不同处理过程中的热降解情况。结果表明：冲菜中含有两类硫代葡萄糖苷：脂肪族和吲哚族硫苷,其中含量较高的3种硫代葡萄糖苷分别为progoitrin、glucobrassicin和4-methoxyglucobrassicin;硫代葡萄糖苷在微波、热烫和蒸汽3种处理过程中的热降解均符合一级热降解动力学模型,其中glucotropaeolin的热稳定性均最差;对冲菜中总硫代葡萄糖苷的降解作用从大到小的顺序依次为：蒸汽、热烫、微波,但是微波处理最能促使对十字花科蔬菜中风味贡献最大的脂肪族硫苷的降解。     

生姜速冻前热烫工艺的实验研究

对速冻籽姜冻结前的热烫工艺进行了研究,分析了漂烫温度、时间对原料过氧化物酶活性、Vc含量及感官品质带来的影响,确定了漂烫工艺的最佳参数。     

龙眼果肉干制预处理工艺的研究

以减轻龙眼果肉干制期间的皱缩变形及褐变度为目的,通过L9（34）正交试验设计,研究不同温度、热烫时间和冷却方式对热烫处理后龙眼果肉中多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响,比较不同浓度配比护色液对龙眼果肉干制产品色泽和感官品质的影响,并采用正交试验设计优化工艺参数。结果表明：最佳的热烫工艺参数为热烫温度100℃、热烫时间3 min、室温冷却;0．10％抗坏血酸＋0．20％柠檬酸＋0．10％半胱氨酸＋0．10％CaCl 2的复合护色液可以保持龙眼果肉干制品的最佳品质。该工艺的实施能有效抑制龙眼果肉的褐变,使果肉在干制加工过程中保持自然色泽和良好风味,解决了产品干制后果肉皱缩变形、褐变严重、色泽差、二氧化硫残留等问题,并延长了产品保质期。     

冷水浸泡和沸水漂烫预处理对牛肉挥发性成分的影响

采用电子鼻技术、同时蒸馏萃取和气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）法研 究2 种预处理方式（冷水浸泡2 h和沸水漂烫40 s）对牛肉挥发性风味成分的影响。电子鼻分析结果表明,2 种预处 理方式牛肉的气味有明显差异。GC-MS测定结果表明：冷水浸泡2 h和沸水漂烫40 s的牛肉中分别鉴定出35、39 种 挥发性成分,2 种预处理方式牛肉中共鉴定出48 种挥发性成分,其中共有成分26 种,且2 种预处理方式牛肉中的挥 发性成分种类和含量有较大差异。冷水浸泡能更多地保留牛肉风味物质中的醛类物质,使牛肉的脂香味浓郁,香味 成分更丰富,因此预处理温度是造成牛肉风味差异的主要因素。     

Effect of preheating on potato texture

Preheating potatoes at 50 to 80°C has a firming effect on the cooked potato tissue. This effect is particularly pronounced at a preheating temperature of 60 to 70°C followed by cooling. Several theories have been presented in the literature to explain this firming effect: retrogradation of starch, leaching of amylose, stabilization of the middle lamellae and cell walls by the activation of the pectin methylesterase (PME) enzyme, and by the release of calcium from gelatinized starch and the formation of calcium bridges between pectin molecules. Most probably, none of these theories alone can explain the phenomenon and more than one mechanism seems to be involved. Some of these mechanisms seem to be interdependent. As an example, calcium could be considered as a link all the way through release after starch gelatinization to cross‐linking pectin substances in the cell wall and the middle lamellae, which has been demethylated by the PME enzyme. More research and “clear cut” experiments are needed in order to elucidate the role of each mechanism, especially which of them is the main contributor to the process of firming. Most probably, the calcium‐pectin‐PME mechanism plays a secondary role, that is, it only retards the collapse of the tissue structure that would otherwise occur during the final heating without preheating, and it is not the main factor of firmness.