敞开式净循环水系统经济浓缩倍数的研究

运用生命周期成本法分析了首钢京唐钢铁公司某敞开式净循环水系统的生命周期成本。对该系统在运行过程中涉及的各项成本进行量化分析,并且随季节变化而改变系统边界条件,从而得出不同的浓缩倍数的优化结果。企业可由此借鉴开式循环水系统的优化设计、运行及改造。     

Strategies to Modulate Specialized Metabolism in Mediterranean Crops: From Molecular Aspects to Field

Plant specialized metabolites (SMs) play an important role in the interaction with the environment and are part of the plant defense response. These natural products are volatile, semi-volatile and non-volatile compounds produced from common building blocks deriving from primary metabolic pathways and rapidly evolved to allow a better adaptation of plants to environmental cues. Specialized metabolites include terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, glucosinolates, tannins, resins, etc. that can be used as phytochemicals, food additives, flavoring agents and pharmaceutical compounds. This review will be focused on Mediterranean crop plants as a source of SMs, with a special attention on the strategies that can be used to modulate their production, including abiotic stresses, interaction with beneficial soil microorganisms and novel genetic approaches.     

生物合成安丝菌素的研究进展

安丝菌素（Ansamitocin）是一种微生物来源的美登素类抗生素,具有独特的抗癌活性,其中AP-3在安丝菌素中所占比例最高,是发酵的目标产物,在临床上有靶向治疗乳腺癌的效果,因此具有重要的药用研究价值。但当前AP-3的微生物发酵产量不高,高昂的生产成本制约了其进一步的应用。本文在阐述安丝菌素生物合成及代谢调控机制的基础上,分析讨论了微生物发酵产安丝菌素过程中菌种选育、发酵复杂过程的控制与优化以及下游的分离纯化技术等研究进展。再对未来利用新型诱变技术、合成生物学技术与辅因子工程改造等方法选育高产安丝菌素的工程菌株,以及开发高效创新、低成本的分离纯化工艺进行了展望,以期显著地提高安丝菌素的发酵水平,为工业化安丝菌素的发展奠定坚实的基础。     

Next Generation Cereal Crop Yield Enhancement: From Knowledge of Inflorescence Development to Practical Engineering by Genome Editing

Artificial domestication and improvement of the majority of crops began approximately 10,000 years ago, in different parts of the world, to achieve high productivity, good quality, and widespread adaptability. It was initiated from a phenotype-based selection by local farmers and developed to current biotechnology-based breeding to feed over 7 billion people. For most cereal crops, yield relates to grain production, which could be enhanced by increasing grain number and weight. Grain number is typically determined during inflorescence development. Many mutants and genes for inflorescence development have already been characterized in cereal crops. Therefore, optimization of such genes could fine-tune yield-related traits, such as grain number. With the rapidly advancing genome-editing technologies and understanding of yield-related traits, knowledge-driven breeding by design is becoming a reality. This review introduces knowledge about inflorescence yield-related traits in cereal crops, focusing on rice, maize, and wheat. Next, emerging genome-editing technologies and recent studies that apply this technology to engineer crop yield improvement by targeting inflorescence development are reviewed. These approaches promise to usher in a new era of breeding practice.     

从水资源变化趋势探讨中型水库后汛期洪水资源化

随着经济的发展、人口的增加,伴随工业化、城镇化的进程,用水量与用水保证率需求的显著提高与水资源紧缺矛盾愈来愈突出。例如,2013年河南省南阳市部分县城出现饮水困难,不得不利用赵湾水库死库容。如何提高现有水库调蓄洪水的能力,以丰补枯,为最大限度地利用洪水资源,以南阳市为例,从资源现状、洪水管理、洪水利用、洪水资源化风险角度探讨中型水库后汛期洪水资源化是可行的,并提出洪水资源化的工程、管理、风险控制等措施。更多还原     

EFFECT OF A MAJOR FLOOD ON BREEDING AND HABITAT OF THE CRIMSON FINCH (NEOCHMIA PHAETON): A RIPARIAN SPECIALIST

Riparian specialists, such as the Crimson Finch (Estrildidae: Neochmia phaeton), are vulnerable to declines in habitat quality, including alterations of flow regime associated with dam construction. Crimson Finches persisted and bred in substantial numbers following two large floods in the Isaac–Connors catchment in early 2008. Major flooding was not detrimental to nesting and breeding success, although the immediate post‐flood period was identified as a bottleneck in the availability of riparian grass seed. Crimson Finches nested at 16 m or more above the normal river level (compared with an average of 2–3 m elsewhere in Northern Australia); indicating that they have adapted to the extreme flood peaks in the Fitzroy River basin. The tall river‐associated grass Chionachne cyathopoda was a key habitat plant, retaining seed well into the dry season when most other grasses are expended. It also provided abundant seeds following floods, coinciding with peaks in abundance of dependent young finches. The adaptations of both Crimson Finches and Chionachne suggest that increased flooding, predicted by climate change, is unlikely to be a problem. In contrast, a proposed dam on the Connors River may be a threat. River regulation that reduces peaks of major floods may favour introduced riparian grasses over flood adapted native grasses such as Chionachne. Any change in the quantity of this species could be detrimental to persistence of Crimson Finches. Environmental managers should carefully consider the ecology of Chionachne when making decisions about river flows. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

USE OF NATIVE AND NONNATIVE NEST PLANTS BY RIPARIAN‐NESTING BIRDS ALONG TWO STREAMS IN NEW MEXICO

Nonnative plant invasions are a management concern, particularly in riparian forests, but little is known about mechanisms through which they influence vertebrate communities. In the American Southwest, native trees such as cottonwood (Populus spp.) are thought to provide better habitat for breeding birds than nonnative plants, which are more tolerant of human‐altered conditions. To evaluate effects of riparian forest composition on riparian‐nesting birds, we examined nest plant use along two rivers in New Mexico that differed in abundance of nonnative vegetation. Of the nests we observed, 49% along the Middle Rio Grande were constructed in nonnative plants, compared with 4% along the Gila River. Birds in the canopy and cavity‐nesting guilds constructed less than 5% of their nests in nonnative plants along either river. At the Middle Rio Grande, birds in the subcanopy/shrub guild constructed 67% of their nests in nonnative plants. Despite the relatively low availability of cottonwoods, they were used by greater numbers of species than any other woody plant at either river. Riparian obligates and species of conservation concern in the canopy and cavity guilds were especially dependent on cottonwood and Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii). Our results show that, although nonnative trees and shrubs support large numbers of nests for certain birds, cottonwoods and other large native trees are disproportionately important to riparian bird communities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

山美水库预报调度

山美水库是一座具有防洪、供水、灌溉、发电等综合功能的大型水利枢纽工程,水库防洪预报调度的方法包括气象水文预报法、时段洪水预报法、参数值控制法、预泄调度法、补偿和错峰调度法等。文章通过洪水发生的实例,对这几种方法的综合运用进行了论述。     

基于云模型的东平湖枯水期地下水水质评价

为考察南水北调东线工程通水前后东平湖地区枯水期地下水水质变化情况,引入云模型,选择总硬度、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、NO_3~-、NH_4~+、F~-6个水质指标作为评价因子,将南水北调东线工程通水前后的东平湖地下水水质实测数据输入云模型,得到各评价因子的确定度和基于权重计算的各采样点的综合确定度,由最大确定度确定各采样点的水质级别。结果表明,南水北调东线工程通水后,所采集的7个地下水水样的水质级别并未降低,湖区东部水样的水质劣于西部。