我国酒母培养技术的变迁

我国与西方的酿酒方法截然不同，以曲酿酒，其中酒母的培养技术大致分为浸曲法（汉唐时期）、浓缩酸浆酒母法（唐宋时期）、自然培养酒母法（宋代）、淋饭酒母法和速酿酒母法（现代）。（庞晓）     

ATF1过表达和BAT2敲除酿酒酵母发酵性能的研究

以啤酒酵母工业菌株S5为对照,对过表达醇乙酰基转移酶编码基因ATF1同时敲除氨基酸转氨酶编码基因BAT2酿酒酵母工程菌株S5-1进行发酵性能的研究。结果表明,与出发菌株相比,突变株生长状况、发酵速度、酒精度等基本发酵性能没有明显变化,而突变株发酵后的乙酸酯总量有较大程度的提升,为85.44mg/L,提高了6.96倍,高级醇总量有较大程度的下降,为79.25mg/L,降低了27.28%。研究结果为啤酒风味的改善奠定了良好的基础。     

Assimilation of cholesterol by yeast strains isolated from infant feces and Feta cheese

Eight yeast strains isolated from infant feces and the traditional Greek Feta cheese, selected for their probiotic properties, were tested along with a commercially available strain of Saccharomyces boulardii for their ability to remove cholesterol from a growth medium (yeast extract glucose peptone broth) supplemented with 0.3% Oxgall. The amount of cholesterol removed during 72 h of growth at 37 degrees C revealed significant variations among the yeast strains examined. Two isolates from infant feces, namely Saccharomyces cerevisiae KK1 and Isaatchenkia orientalis KK5.Y.1 and one isolate from Feta cheese, namely S. cerevisiae 832, along with the commercial strain S. boulardii, were able to remove cholesterol from the growth medium after 48 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. However, Saccharomyces strains proved to be able to remove cholesterol even after 24 h of growth at 37 degrees C. The cholesterol removed from the growth medium was not metabolically degraded but was rather assimilated into the yeast cells. The ability to assimilate cholesterol in vitro and to tolerate low pH levels, gastric juice, and bile indicate that S. cerevisiae 832, and especially S. cerevisiae KK1 and I. orientalis KK5.Y.1 (being more bile and gastric juice tolerant because of their human origin) may be promising candidate strains for use as probiotics.     

高生物量富硒酵母菌的选育

以酿酒酵母PT为出发菌株,采用梯度浓度筛选的方法对其进行驯化,得到1株生物量较高和对亚硒酸钠抗性较高的菌株GB-1。对其进行紫外诱变处理,当致死率达91.85%时,获得多株突变株。通过多次平板初筛和摇瓶复筛,得到1株高生物量富硒酵母UV-PT。采用响应面法对富硒酵母UV-PT发酵条件进行了优化。借助于SAS软件,首先利用Plackett-Burman试验设计筛选出影响富硒的3个主要因素,即转速、温度、初始pH值。在此基础上,再利用Box-Behnken试验设计及响应面分析法对发酵条件进行优化,确定最佳发酵条件:转速为203r/min,发酵温度为30.3℃,初始pH值为4.52。结果表明,优化后富硒酵母的生物量和含硒量分别为10.62g/L、1003.26μg/g,硒总含量为10654.62μg/L,为出发菌株的1.62倍。     

3株罗伦隐球酵母的26S rDNAD1/D2区序列、代谢指纹图谱及生防效力比较分析

研究3株不同来源的酵母拮抗菌(Crytococcus laurentii)001#、010#和012#的种间亲缘关系、Biolog微生物鉴定系统中的不同碳源物质代谢指纹图谱以及对于不同果蔬的侵染病原菌的生防效力。结果表明:亲缘关系相近的菌株001#和010#间的碳源代谢指纹图谱中存在43种相同的最适碳源和13种相同的可利用碳源,菌株012#则与001#和010#利用碳源情况差异性较大,但是它们分别在梨、油桃和芦笋果实上的生防效力却有一些差别,这可能与不同菌株所特异利用的碳源种类以及果蔬中含有的特异的碳源种类和含量有关。发现不同果实的碳源成分和比例引起的拮抗菌生防效果差异的现象,并揭示亲缘关系能在一定程度上通过菌株的碳源代谢特征表现出来,为酵母拮抗菌在生防效力作用机理研究提供参考。     

生香酵母对特香型白酒风味风格的影响研究

生香酵母具有较强的氧化特性和产酯能力,特香型白酒生产中,在入池发酵的酒醅中添加生香酵母,考察其对发酵所产基酒中醇、醛、酸、酯等风味成分及其风格的影响。结果表明,总酯、四大乙酯和丙酸乙酯均有较大的增幅,各主要酯比例变化不大;总酸最大提高12．20％,乙酸、丙酸和丁酸均有较大提高;能适当增加醇类的含量;醛类变化规律不明显。经品评,添加生香酵母可使酒体醇厚、诸香协调,不会改变特香型白酒的风味风格。     

酵母培养物与抗生素对蛋雏鸡生长性能和免疫机能的影响

试验采用1日龄海兰褐蛋用雏鸡400只,随机分成5个组(Ⅰ~Ⅴ组),每个组设4个重复,每个重复20只鸡。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮;Ⅱ~Ⅴ组为试验组,其中Ⅱ~Ⅳ组在基础日粮中分别添加0.1%、0.3%和0.5%的酵母培养物,Ⅴ组添加抗生素,试验期5周。结果表明,在蛋雏鸡日粮中添加0.3%的酵母培养物具有增强雏鸡生产性能和免疫机能的作用,且酵母培养物可以替代抗生素。     

乳酸菌、酵母菌的筛选鉴定及其在米发糕中的应用

为得到适合米发糕发酵的发酵剂,对传统发酵米浆中的乳酸菌和酵母菌进行分离,通过对其菌落、菌株形态特征及生长性能的测定,筛选得到1株乳酸菌和2株酵母菌,分别经16SrDNA和26SrDNA鉴定,确定为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、矮小假丝酵母菌(Candida humilis)和酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)。将3株优良发酵菌株复配应用于米发糕中,通过对其发酵所得产品的感官品质及质构特性进行分析,确定出最佳复配菌比。结果表明:当植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和矮小假丝酵母(Candida humilis)的复配体积比为1:3:6时,所得米发糕的感官品质和质构特性最好,且由GC-MS检测到29种挥发性风味物质,其中与市售米发糕和双菌复合发酵得到的米发糕共同检出5种风味物质,分别是苯乙醛、苯甲醛、苯乙醇、十四烷和棕榈酸乙酯,其特有的风味物质有12种,其中9种为酯类物质。该种复合发酵剂发酵得到的米发糕具有较好的品质,有望应用于米发糕的发酵生产。     

大豆蛋白水解液脱苦的研究

大豆蛋白酶解常常会产生苦味,蛋白质水解物苦味肽的苦味是长期困扰其应用的问题。本文研究了酶法与微生物法对大豆蛋白水解液脱苦的效果。结果表明:采用端肽酶黑曲霉酸性蛋白酶(3000u/g)与内切酶枯草杆菌碱性蛋白酶(Alcalase 2.4L)协同作用水解大豆蛋白可有效降低水解液苦味,并且由酿酒酵母对水解液进一步处理后,大豆蛋白水解液的苦味降至更低。     

A non-conserved sequence in the 5'region of the CYH2 intron from Saccharomyces cerevisiae controls splicing efficiency of the pre-mRNA

The CYH2 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing one 510 bp intron is spliced inefficiently. We have shown previously that a non-conserved sequence within the intron is responsible for this low splicing efficiency. Using synthetic oligonucleotides comprising the identified region we show in this report that a very short region contains the specificity to act negatively on the splicing efficiency of the CYH2 gene. Furthermore, this sequence influences the splicing efficiency only when it is placed close to the 5' splice site of the gene. Investigations with chimeric CYH2/beta-actin genes show that this sequence acts independent from its natural surroundings. We propose that this sequence might interact with splicing factor(s).