Development of a bio‐based composite material from soybean oil and keratin fibers

A novel bio‐based composite material, suitable for electronic as well as automotive and aeronautical applications, was developed from soybean oils and keratin feather fibers (KF). This environmentally friendly, low‐cost composite can be a substitute for petroleum‐based composite materials. Keratin fibers are a hollow, light, and tough material and are compatible with several soybean (S) resins, such as acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO). The new KFS lightweight composites have a density ρ ≈ 1 g/cm³, when the KF volume fraction is 30%. The hollow keratin fibers were not filled by resin infusion and the composite retained a significant volume of air in the hollow structure of the fibers. Due to the retained air, the dielectric constant, k, of the composite material was in the range of 1.7–2.7, depending on the fiber volume fraction, and these values are significantly lower than the conventional silicon dioxide or epoxy, or polymer dielectric insulators. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the 30 wt % composite was 67.4 ppm/°C; this value is low enough for electronic application and similar to the value of silicon materials or polyimides used in printed circuit boards. The water absorption of the AESO polymer was 0.5 wt % at equilibrium and the diffusion coefficient in the KFS composites was dependent on the keratin fiber content. The incorporation of keratin fibers in the soy oil polymer enhanced the mechanical properties such as storage modulus, fracture toughness, and flexural properties, ca. 100% increase at 30 vol %. The fracture energy of a single keratin fiber in the composite was determined to be about 3 kJ/m² with a fracture stress of about 100–200 MPa. Considerable improvements in the KFS composite properties should be possible by optimization of the resin structure and fiber selection. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1524–1538, 2005     

利用鸡粪为原料生产保水有机肥

从国内肥料使用的发展趋势和养鸡业的现状和发展出发，分析了当前大型养鸡场中鸡粪产生的环境污染问题及鸡粪肥料化利用的可能性，介绍了一种以新鲜鸡粪为原料，经EM菌群发酵，添加一定量的保水剂生产保水有机肥的生产工艺，产品经使用效果良好。     

Synthesis of Organotin Polyamine Ethers Containing Acyclovir and their Preliminary Anticancer and Antiviral Activity

Organotin polyamine ethers containing acyclovir in their backbone were synthesized in moderate to high yield employing the aqueous interfacial polycondensation system. The products are high molecular weight polymers. Infrared spectroscopy of the products shows new bands characteristic of the formation of Sn–N and Sn–O bonds consistent with the proposed structure. MALDI-TOF MS below 2000 Da shows the presence of organotin and acyclovir units containing these two moieties. The products show moderate inhibition of a number of cancer cell lines and exhibit the ability to inhibit a number of viruses, particularly the herpes simplex virus-1 and varicella zoster virus that are responsible for herpes, chicken pox and shingles.     

响应面法优化鸡脂酶解工艺

通过单因素实验考察了脂肪酶、乳化剂、反应温度、pH值、反应时间、酶添加量及摇床转速等影响鸡脂脂肪酶水解的因素.采用响应面分析法对反应温度、酶添加量、pH值和反应时间等工艺参数进行了优化研究.结果表明,二次多项式模型符合实验数据.反应获得较优酸值时反应参数条件为：温度46.6℃,加酶量0.5%,pH值6.4,反应时间4.33 h.     

冷等离子体处理对生鲜鸡胸肉杀菌效果及品质影响

目的 研究沿面介质阻挡放电(Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge,SDBD)等离子体对生鲜鸡胸肉的杀菌作用及品质影响。方法 采用放电功率为260 W的SDBD等离子体分别处理生鲜鸡胸肉2 min和4 min,并于4 ℃贮藏12 d。每隔3 d取样,测定菌落总数、色泽、pH、汁液流失率、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances,TBARS)含量、挥发性盐基氮(Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen,TVB-N)含量及质构特性。结果 经SDBD等离子体处理2 min或4 min,并于4 ℃贮藏12 d后,生鲜鸡胸肉的菌落总数分别为7.16 lg(CFU/g)和6.70 lg(CFU/g),均低于对照组样品的菌落总数(7.55 lg(CFU/g))。此外,SDBD等离子体处理能够显著(P<0.05)改善冷藏期间鸡胸肉的品质参数,如pH、色泽(L^*、a^*和b^*)、汁液流失率、TVB–N含量和质构特性(硬度、弹性、咀嚼性等),但对脂质氧化具有促进作用。结论 SDBD等离子体对生鲜鸡胸肉具有良好的杀菌效果,并有效保持了其品质,在鸡胸肉保鲜上具有巨大的应用前景。     

The analysis of trans fatty acid profiles in deep frying palm oil and chicken fillets with an improved gas chromatography method

An improved gas chromatography method for the simultaneous separation of 52 fatty acids (FAs) has been developed. For both oleic acid and linoleic acid, a good resolution was achieved for their positional and geometrical (cis/trans) isomers. This method was validated to be precise, accurate and sensitive. With this method, the FAs profiles in palm oil and chicken fillets were analyzed. In general, small changes were observed in the composition of FAs and formation of trans isomers after 8 h frying at the temperature lower than 200 °C. However, with extreme deep-frying process, the thermal degradation and TFAs formation in frying oil increased in direct proportion to frying temperature and time. Moreover, the FAs composition of fried chicken fillets was found to be mostly in correspondence with that of the frying oil, which might be due to the oil absorption or interaction between the frying oils and frying materials.     

Simulation of a localized heating system for broiler brooding to improve energy performance

The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of an innovative localized solar‐assisted pen heating system for brooding using a 3D computational simulation model of the heated space. The warm air‐curtained pen ensures acceptable temperature, air velocity, relative humidity, and air quality that meet the ventilation and heat requirements for a typical pen of 100 chicks as recommended by the American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers and American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. The supply flow characteristics and the simulated velocity and temperature field of the curtained region were determined such that they meet the ventilation requirements and comfort criteria. Results show that air supplied at 40°C is capable of delivering the desired microenvironment at bird level while the heat input to the unit is 685 W when outdoor temperature is ?5°C. The system's energy performance was then analyzed using a prototype of 16 pens. The energy consumption of the new heating scheme consumed one third of the energy required by conventional non‐localized system. Moreover, integrating the new design with a solar system utilizing parabolic concentrators provided 72% of the power load from solar energy during a winter flock operation and 100% during other seasons. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Antioxidant effect of turmeric powder,nitrite and ascorbic acid on stored chicken mince

This investigation was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant effect of turmeric (turmeric 1000 ppm, turmeric 5000 ppm), nitrite (nitrite 200 ppm) and ascorbic acid (ascorbic acid 500 ppm) on raw minced chicken stored at 4 ± 1 °C. Physicochemical properties [pH, water activity, cooking loss, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, peroxide value (PV), free fatty acid (FFA)] were evaluated on 0, 2, 4 and 6th day of storage. Highly significant differences (P < 0.01) in pH, TBA value, PV and FFA value were noticed between treatments and between storage periods. TBA values were observed to be lowest for nitrite 200 ppm and then turmeric 5000 ppm, and there was no significant difference between nitrite 200 ppm and turmeric 5000 ppm, and both were superior to ascorbic acid 500 ppm and turmeric 1000 ppm. Among different treatments, PV was found to be lowest in turmeric 5000 ppm and highest in nitrite 200 ppm. FFA value was found to be lowest in turmeric 5000 ppm and highest in ascorbic acid 500 ppm among all treated samples. It can be concluded that turmeric has potential to replace synthetic antioxidants presently used in meat processing with many added advantages.     

Permeation of indomethacin from semisolid preparations through various semipermeable membranes

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the permeation of model drug indomethacin (IND) from various types of gels through several semipermeable membranes.

Methods: Permeation of IND from gels based on carbomer (CA), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), and polyacrylamid/laureth-7/isoparaffin was performed via diffusion cell method through membranes: shed snake skin, full thickness chicken skin, mucosa of pork small intestine, and cellophane.

Results: The least permeation of IND was observed in the case of shed snake skin and full thickness chicken skin. It did not exceed 5.4% of original amount in the preparation after 3?h of measurement regardless the type of gel. In the case of mucosa of pork small intestine and cellophane the permeated amount of IND ranged from 9.4 to 55.4% depending on the type of gelling agent used. There was also quite a significant influence of a gelling agent on the permeation of IND observed. The permeation of IND was highest from CA gel, where it ranged from 0.6 to 52.2% of original amount in the preparation depending on the type of membrane used. Gelling agent inhibiting the permeation the most was HEC, where the permeated amount of IND did not exceed 12.3% regardless the type of membrane used.

Conclusions: In general the permeated amount of IND through biological membranes containing stratum corneum represented just a small part of the amount in original preparation. Gelling agent has significant effect on the extent and rate of permeation.     

干制麻辣鸡肉丝研制

以开发旅游休闲小食品干制麻辣鸡肉丝为目标,对干制鸡肉丝生产工艺进行研究,通过感官评分,确定其最佳生产工艺。研究结果表明:鸡肉丝的大小以切成3~4cm×0.5cm×0.5cm左右的细丝较为适宜;其工艺条件以先切丝后卤制再炒制烘烤为佳;卤制条件为先大火30~40min后小火1~2h,炒制烘烤条件为炒制15min左右,然后在50~60℃烘烤1~3h。