The decrease of lasalocid residue in the edible tissues by silymarin supplementation of chicken diet

Widespread use of coccidiostats, in spite of beneficial control of protozoan infections in poultry, implies a risk of residues in edible tissues, and there is increasing interest in the development of strategies for prevention of veterinary drugs residue in food-producing animals. The aim of this study is assigned to clarify the impact of silymarin addendum in the diet on lasalocid concentration in the liver and breast muscles from the broiler. Four groups of chickens received a feed with lasalocid at levels between 75 and 200 mg kg^?1. Other four groups received a feed with lasalocid (75–200 mg kg^?1) plus silymarin. Significant differences of lasalocid concentrations between the liver and breast muscles were observed. Moreover, the chickens from the groups supplemented with silymarin shown significant decreases of lasalocid concentrations in the analysed tissues. The herbal substance did not counteract the ionophore in the treatment of coccidiosis and did not change biochemical parameters of blood. These findings suggest that silymarin might be used in chicken feeding in order to reduce the risk from lasalocid contamination of the broiler edible tissues.     

Antioxidant activities of chicken liver hydrolysates by pepsin treatment

This study was divided into two parts: (i) an optimal hydrolysing procedure of chicken liver hydrolysates (CLHs) and (ii) the in vivo antioxidant properties of CLHs via a D‐galactose‐induced mouse model. A pepsin‐to‐raw chicken liver mass ratio (1:400, w:w) and 2‐h hydrolysing period were chosen to manufacture CLHs based on yield, peptide level and antioxidant effect. Molecular masses of CLHs were lower than 10 kDa. CLH was rich in aspartic acid and glutamic acid, and also contained both manganese and selenium, which are essential cofactors of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, respectively. The contents of cadmium, mercury, tin, and arsenic in CLHs were very low and even no detectible. Regarding the in vivo antioxidant activity of CLHs, a dosage of 1.2 g D‐galactose kg^?1 body weight increased (P < 0.05) 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values and decreased (P < 0.05) glutathione and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity values, as well as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in serum and organs of mice. However, the in vivo antioxidant capacities were improved (P < 0.05) by supplementing CLHs.     

The relationship between Salmonella levels in chicken spleen and mechanically separated ground chicken

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between Salmonella levels (presence and numbers) in chicken spleens and in mechanically separated chicken (MSC) at a commercial processing plant. Composite spleen and MSC samples were collected from 18 flocks at a commercial poultry processing plant. A total of 180 samples of each type were collected and tested for Salmonella using the most probable number (MPN) and enrichment methods. Overall, Salmonella was detected in 15.6% and 27.8% of spleen and MSC samples, respectively. The mean log MPN was 0.95 and 0.85 for the spleen and MSC samples, respectively. There was a significant relationship between Salmonella presence in spleen and MSC samples. However, the log MPN numbers in MSC samples were not significantly related to those in spleen samples. Salmonella presence in composite spleen samples (an indication of systemic infection in chickens) may predict MSC contamination with this pathogen, at the flock level.     

Enzyme-assisted extraction of chicken skin protein hydrolysates and fat: Degree of hydrolysis affects the physicochemical and functional properties

Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) of oils/fats involves the disruption of the cell wall of source material using enzymes to facilitate the release of oil. When proteases are used as the enzyme, EAE ends in the extracted oil as well as the protein hydrolysates. Herein, the EAE (using a commercial protease, Alcalase) was exploited to obtain fat and protein hydrolysates from chicken skin. Degree of hydrolysis (DH, the percentage ratio of cleaved peptide bonds), which showed a logarithmic correlation with the reaction time, was found to affect the properties of the products. As the DH increased, the peptide chain length of protein hydrolysates decreased which was confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis. With the increase of DH, the emulsifying activity index, foaming capacity, and oil holding capacity of the hydrolysates decreased but the solubility and emulsion stability index increased (p < 0.05). The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the hydrolysates increased with the DH up to DH = 39.62% but decreased thereafter (p < 0.05). EAE resulted in a rise in fat yield and the fat contained a higher amount of unsaponifiables and lower free fatty acids (FFA) content, as compared to the control treatment (No enzyme, 80°C, 2 h, p < 0.05). DH affected the fat yield and the unsaponifiables content of the fat, positively (p < 0.05). However, it did not affect the fat FFA content and iodine value (p > 0.05). Results obtained here showed DH can be used as an effective measure for controlling the physicochemical and functional properties of chicken skin protein hydrolysates and fat in the EAE process.     

酶制剂+益生菌与植物提取物协同对肉鸡生产性能、免疫能力及抗氧化能力的影响

本实验旨在研究酶制剂+益生菌与植物提取物对肉鸡生产性能、免疫能力及抗氧化能力的影响。实验选取192只1日龄天露黑鸡2号,随机分为8组,每组4个重复,每个重复6只鸡,实验时间为21 d。对照组饲喂基础日粮,抗生素组饲喂基础日粮加250 g/t的4%恩拉霉素,实验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别饲喂基础日粮加100、300、500 g/t含有益生菌与酶制剂的添加剂A,实验组Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ分别饲喂基础日粮加200、500、800 g/t含有益生菌、酶制剂与大蒜素的添加剂B。结果表明：添加剂A与添加剂B都能够提高肉鸡平均日增重。添加剂A与添加剂B都会显著降低血清中葡萄糖与尿素氮浓度(P<0.05),极显著降低总胆固醇、甘油三酯、免疫球蛋白、白细胞介素-10浓度(P<0.01),极显著增加白细胞介素1-β与肿瘤坏死因子-α浓度(P<0.01)。研究表明,适量添加添加剂A或添加剂B能够起到与抗生素相类似的作用,在一定程度上能够替代恩拉霉素。     

菌体蛋白替代鸡胸肉的炸鸡块品质变化

为探究菌体蛋白在肉制品领域的应用可行性,使用菌体蛋白替代不同比例的鸡胸肉制作炸鸡块,并对获得的炸鸡块进行营养组成、烹饪损失、色泽、质构特性以及感官评价测试。结果表明：菌体蛋白替代20%～60%鸡胸肉制作的炸鸡块产品,蛋白含量在21.12 g～18.78/100 g,脂肪含量在9.98～10.48 g/100 g,膳食纤维含量在2.22～5.23 g/100 g。随着菌体蛋白比例增加,炸鸡块的烹饪损失由19.19%减小到16.28%,硬度由4.48 N升高到5.97 N,弹性呈现先升高后降低的趋势。菌体蛋白替代20%鸡胸肉的炸鸡块与无菌体蛋白的产品相比,营养组成差异小,嫩度无差异(p>0.05),但亮度(L^*67.60)增加,咀嚼性与弹性分别提高43.95%与17.95%(p<0.05),感官评价接受度良好。综上所述说明菌体蛋白可用于制备新型炸鸡块产品,研究能够为菌体蛋白作为动物蛋白替代的应用开发提供技术支持。