不同贮藏温度下稻花鸡肉的品质及细菌组成多样性变化

本文研究了25℃常温、4℃冷藏、0℃冰温贮藏下稻花鸡肉p H值、水分含量、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen,TVB-N)及感官评价;基于16S rRNA,研究货架期前后鸡肉细菌群落结构、演替规律及相对丰度。结果表明：结果表明：25℃常温12 h菌落总数和TVB-N均超过国家标准规定,水分含量和p H第12 h后变化趋势极大;4℃冷藏4 d菌落总数超过国家标准规定,TVB-N为13.64 mg/100 g,水分含量和p H第4天后均呈显著性差异;0℃冰温8 d菌落总数为8.90×10⁵ CFU/g,未超过国家标准规定,但TVB-N为15.25 mg/100 g,超过国标限值,水分含量和p H第8天后变化趋势极大。综合各品质指标,三种贮藏温度下货架期分别为12 h、4 d、8 d,感官评分均在可接受范围内。25℃贮藏末期以不动杆菌属、沙雷氏菌属、多源菌属、泛菌属、肠杆菌科未分类属细菌为主。4℃与0℃贮藏末期优势腐败菌均以假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、沙雷氏菌属、肠杆菌科未分类属为主,但丰度占比有较大差异。不同贮藏温度下稻花鸡...     

地皮菜添加量对鸡胸肉糜凝胶特性的影响

以新鲜鸡胸肉为实验对象,探究地皮菜添加量对鸡胸肉糜蒸煮得率、保水性、色泽、质构、凝胶强度、流变特性和微观结构等的影响.结果表明:随着地皮菜添加量的增加,鸡胸肉糜的蒸煮得率和保水性呈先上升后下降的趋势,添加量在1.2％时最大,分别为95.71％和95.33％;鸡胸肉糜的L*值、a*值、b*值均显著降低(P＜0.05);硬...     

不同贮藏温度下稻花鸡肉优势腐败菌变化及Arrhenius 货架期预测模型的建立

为获得稻花鸡肉腐败菌的Arrhenius货架期预测模型,采用培养基初步筛选与16S rDNA全基因序列鉴定优势腐败菌,研究不同贮藏温度（25、4、0℃）下优势腐败菌和菌落总数的生长变化,通过化学反应动力学方程构建菌落总数、假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌货架期预测模型并进行验证。结果表明,稻花鸡肉在贮藏过程中逐渐占主导地位的优势腐败菌是假单胞菌属莓实假单胞菌和肠杆菌科沙雷氏菌属液化沙雷氏菌。稻花鸡肉25℃常温贮藏下货架期不超过0.5 d,腐败中后期沙雷氏菌占主导地位,4℃冷藏保鲜货架期不超过4 d,假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌均随贮藏时间的延长呈增长趋势,0℃冰温贮藏货架期不超过10 d,贮藏后期假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌差异性不显著。利用菌落总数、假单胞菌、沙雷氏菌3个指标建立货架期预测模型,3种货架期预测模型预测值与实测值对比,平均相对误差均在允许范围内,预测效果最佳的是假单胞菌货架期预测模型。菌落总数、假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌货架期预测模型均能对稻花鸡肉的货架期进行真实预测。     

低盐鸡肉香精货架期的延长及其风味特征分析

目的 研究水分活度降低剂对低盐鸡肉膏状香精贮藏特性和货架期的影响。方法 本研究采用常温储藏实验评价了山梨糖醇、木糖醇、海藻糖和丙三醇4种水分活度降低剂对低盐鸡肉膏状香精贮藏特性和货架期的影响,并通过感官评价、电子鼻和气相色谱-质谱法对其在蒜蓉酱中的风味特征进行分析。结果 添加1.0%山梨糖醇、2.5%木糖醇、2.5%海藻糖及4.0%丙三醇均能显著降低低盐鸡肉膏状香精(含盐5%)的水分活度,减缓细菌生长速度和延长货架期。添加高盐(含盐10%)和低盐(含盐5%)鸡肉香精制备的蒜蓉酱在感官评分上无显著差异,香气强度和风味特征相似。结论 添加4.0%丙三醇可将低盐鸡肉膏状香精(含盐5%)的货架期从75 d延长至120 d,低盐鸡肉膏状香精(含盐5%)可以保持蒜蓉酱原有的风味特征,达到降盐的目的。     

Yield and Quality Characteristics of Rendered Chicken Oil for Biodiesel Production

Whole dead poultry birds obtained from commercial layer farms were assessed for fat in the whole carcass and then dry rendered in three different rendering regimens T₁, T₂ and T₃ (temperature = 120, 130 and 140 °C and shell pressure = 1, 2 and 3 kg/cm² respectively) and the effect on the yield and quality of the rendered chicken oil were studied. The overall fat percentage of the whole dead poultry carcass was 14.55 ± 0.17 % and the fat content of ‘greaves’ was 14.49 ± 0.38 %. In the dry batch rendering trials, the mean overall fat recovery was 24.46 ± 1.19, 26.78 ± 3.14 and 22.42 ± 2.32 % and the overall fat yield was 3.52 ± 1.72, 3.84 ± 0.44 and 3.22 ± 0.33 % of the carcass weight in T₁, T₂ and T₃ respectively. Solvent extraction of fat could recover 96.10 ± 0.14 % of fat from ‘greaves’ which was significantly higher than the mechanical centrifugation method. Among the quality characteristics of the rendered chicken oil (RCO), moisture content ranged from 0.61 % (T₂) to 1.09 % (T₁) and the mean specific gravity was 0.91 at 30 °C. The FFA values of RCO obtained from the T₃ rendering regimen were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the FFA values of T₂ and T₁. The mean acid value, iodine number, peroxide value, saponification value and unsaponifiable matter present in RCO showed no significant difference. The fatty acid profile and calorific values were studied. The RCO was converted to biodiesel by transesterification and the physico-chemical properties of the biodiesel were studied and compared with the Indian biodiesel specification.     

Deep Sequencing Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Muscle of Fast-Growing and Slow-Growing Broilers

Growth performance is an important economic trait in chicken. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in various biological processes, but their functions in chicken growth are not yet clear. To investigate the function of miRNAs in chicken growth, breast muscle tissues of the two-tail samples (highest and lowest body weight) from Recessive White Rock (WRR) and Xinghua Chickens (XH) were performed on high throughput small RNA deep sequencing. In this study, a total of 921 miRNAs were identified, including 733 known mature miRNAs and 188 novel miRNAs. There were 200, 279, 257 and 297 differentially expressed miRNAs in the comparisons of WRRh vs. WRRl, WRRh vs. XHh, WRRl vs. XHl, and XHh vs. XHl group, respectively. A total of 22 highly differentially expressed miRNAs (fold change > 2 or < 0.5; p-value < 0.05; q-value < 0.01), which also have abundant expression (read counts > 1000) were found in our comparisons. As far as two analyses (WRRh vs. WRRl, and XHh vs. XHl) are concerned, we found 80 common differentially expressed miRNAs, while 110 miRNAs were found in WRRh vs. XHh and WRRl vs. XHl. Furthermore, 26 common miRNAs were identified among all four comparisons. Four differentially expressed miRNAs (miR-223, miR-16, miR-205a and miR-222b-5p) were validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Regulatory networks of interactions among miRNAs and their targets were constructed using integrative miRNA target-prediction and network-analysis. Growth hormone receptor (GHR) was confirmed as a target of miR-146b-3p by dual-luciferase assay and qPCR, indicating that miR-34c, miR-223, miR-146b-3p, miR-21 and miR-205a are key growth-related target genes in the network. These miRNAs are proposed as candidate miRNAs for future studies concerning miRNA-target function on regulation of chicken growth.     

鸡毛角蛋白的制备及其护发性能

采用还原C法提取了鸡毛角蛋白,考察了反应时间和温度对角蛋白产率和黏度影响。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对提取物进行了表征。利用透析得到的角蛋白对头发进行处理,考察了其保湿及抗紫外线的效果。结果表明:当温度70℃、时间4 h时能够制得产率和黏度均较为理想的角蛋白溶液。红外谱图表明提取物为β-折叠结构的角蛋白。经角蛋白处理后的头发具有较好的保湿性,紫外谱图表明浓度6.7 g/L的羽毛角蛋白溶液对波长200～350 nm的紫外线有较好的吸收作用。     

Molecular Characterization and Expression Pattern of Tripartite Motif Protein 39 in Gallus gallus with a Complete PRY/SPRY Domain

Members of tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins in mammals play important roles in multiple cellular processes in the immune system. In the present study we have obtained the chicken TRIM39 with the insertion of a base A at position 1006 bp, compared to the sequence in the NCBI database (Accession No: NM 001006196), which made TRIM39 fulfill the TRIM rule of domain composition with both PRY, and SPRY domains. The open reading frame consisted of 1392 bp encoding 463 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequences of TRIM39 protein in mammals were highly similar (from 91.48% to 99.61%), while chicken TRIM39 had relatively low homology with mammals (from 29.2% to 39.59%). Real time RT-PCR indicated that the mRNA expression level of TRIM39 was the highest in spleen, with a lower expression in liver, brain, and lung, suggesting it might be an important protein participating in the immune system.     

多级接触氧化工艺脱氮效果及不同运行方式的对比研究

重点考察了中试规模的多级接触氧化工艺处理不同浓度养鸡厂污水的脱氮效果,对接触氧化槽中的固定填料进行取样测量附着污泥的反硝化速率,发现好氧环境的填料表面污泥存在一定的反硝化性能,证明本工艺中存在同步硝化反硝化现象。通过分段进水以改善碳源不足、通过2#槽间歇曝气以强化缺氧环境,结果表明,缺氧环境不足是脱氮效果的主要限制因素,碳源不足对脱氮也有较大的负面影响。通过分析确定了本工艺的最佳运行方式为2#槽间歇曝气并联运行,当进水总氮质量浓度为203～408 mg/L时,其总氮去除率在81%左右,比最初的串联连续曝气方式时的总氮去除率提高37.9个百分点。     

湖北早籼糙米营养价值研究(III)——糙米代替玉米作能量饲料对蛋鸡产蛋率和肉鸡增重与肉蛋品质影响的研究

以同一批孵化 1日龄AA肉鸡 4 4 0只、2 9周龄伊莎产蛋高峰期母鸡 4 0 0 0只 ,随机各分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ四个组 ,肉雏鸡每组 110只 ,产蛋母鸡每组 10 0 0只。两种鸡日粮中以糙米代替玉米 ,Ⅰ组为 0 ,即为对照组 ,Ⅱ组为 50 % ,Ⅲ组为 75% ,Ⅳ组为 10 0 %的处理 ,按单因子设计 ,进行对比饲养试验 ,肉鸡正试期 4 5d ,试验结束时进行屠宰试验 ,测定肉品质 ,产蛋鸡正试期 30d ,试验中采蛋进行蛋品质测定。对肉鸡以日增重、料肉比和肉品质为指标 ,产蛋鸡以产蛋率、料蛋比和蛋品质为指标 ,来考察糙米作为能量饲料的饲养效果和营养价值。试验结果 ,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组 ,肉鸡的日增重依次为 4 2 .7、4 4 .7、4 7.8和 50 .4g ;料肉比依次为 2 .12、2 .0 9、2 .0 4和1.96 ;肉品质各组接近 ,处于良好水平 ;蛋鸡产蛋率依次为 92 .5%、91.8%、93.2 %和 91.7% ,料蛋比依次为 2 .70、2 .75、2 .6 5和 2 .71,蛋品质各组间差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5) ,且居较好水平。结果表明 ,肉鸡和产蛋鸡各组间的各项考核指标与全玉米日粮组均很接近 ,差异不显著 (p >0 .0 5) ,证明了早籼糙米具有与玉米相同的饲养效果和营养价值 ,以 50 %至 10 0 %的比例代替玉米是完全可行的