野木瓜果汁非酶褐变复配抑制剂的优化

为优化野木瓜果汁非酶褐变复配抑制剂配比,通过单因素试验,选择并确定EDTA-Na_2、D-异抗坏血酸钠、L-半胱氨酸、柠檬酸4种抑制剂及其水平,以褐变抑制率为响应变量,采用Box-Behnken设计响应面试验方案。利用Design Expert 8.0软件得到回归模型并进行响应面分析,确定野木瓜果汁非酶褐变复配抑制最优配比为:EDTA-Na_2 0.001 1%、D-异抗坏血酸钠0.212 6%、L-半胱氨酸0.543 4%、柠檬酸0.191 7%,该复配抑制剂的抑制率为77.14%。     

亚氯酸钠对鲜烟酶促棕色化反应的影响

以烤烟K326为试验材料, 通过暗箱试验研究了不同浓度亚氯酸钠(SC), 叶面喷施和浸泡两种处理方式对鲜烟酶促棕色化反应的影响。结果表明, 200 mg/L SC对鲜烟酶促棕色化反应的抑制作用最为显著。喷施和浸泡两种处理方式对酶促棕色化反应的影响无显著差异。SC对不同成熟度鲜烟酶促棕色化反应抑制效果不同, 其中以M3成熟度(9~10成黄绿)效果最好。SC处理和对照烟叶多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性变化表现出基本相同的规律, 但SC处理烟叶PPO活性均低于同期对照烟叶。     

氯化钙处理对李果实抑制冷害作用的影响

为探索减轻李果实冷害的新途径,以串红李子为试材,对李果实经不同质量分数的氯化钙处理后冷害与酶促褐变机理进行研究。结果表明,对照果在冷藏12d后,多酚含量和PPO活性都呈现上升趋势,MDA含量和冷害指数开始逐渐增加,说明此时冷害已经开始启动。而氯化钙处理则延缓多酚含量的上升趋势,提高PPO、POD、CAT的活性,外观冷害指数明显降低,内部冷害指数和MDA含量只有2%氯化钙处理的明显低于对照,SOD活性变化不大,只2%氯化钙处理明显高于其他处理果,说明氯化钙处理从外观上明显地抑制了李果实冷害的发生,综合分析比较内外两种冷害指数,只有2%氯化钙处理抑制冷害的效果最好,贮藏期末多酚含量是对照果的1.16倍,POD活性是对照果的3.7倍,贮藏72d时内部冷害指数只有42%,而对照果达57%,所以,李果实经2%氯化钙处理后贮藏品质最好。     

荔枝与荔枝酒褐变控制

以荔枝及荔枝酒为试料,研究荔枝多酚氧化酶(PPO)的酶学特性及荔枝酒发酵过程中的褐变机理及控制措施。结果表明：荔枝PPO存在同功酶,荔枝PPO最适底物为没食子酸;以没食子酸为底物,荔枝PPO最适反应pH值为8.0,最适反应温度50℃,荔枝PPO的动力学参数为：米氏参数(Km)为26.033mmol/L,最大反应速度(Vmax)为34.816g/(L·min);荔枝PPO对酸碱、对热稳定性较差;荔枝酒发酵过程中褐变的主要原因是其PPO引起的酶促褐变。因此,低温贮藏和高温热处理可有效抑制荔枝及荔枝酒在贮藏和加工中酶促褐变反应。     

不同模式体系美拉德反应程度及抗氧化活性比较

以葡萄糖、果糖、蛋氨酸、甘氨酸、精氨酸和大豆分离蛋白为美拉德反应原料,研究加热时间和混合比例对褐变程度的影响,并对褐变程度最强的产物进行抗氧化活性检测。结果表明：葡萄糖、果糖分别与甘氨酸按物质的量之比2:1混合(pH9.0),并于100℃恒温水浴锅中加热180min时褐变程度最强。葡萄糖-甘氨酸与果糖-甘氨酸模式体系的美拉德反应物都具有一定的抗氧化能力。在相同体积分数条件下,果糖-甘氨酸模式体系的美拉德反应物的还原能力和抗氧化值均要强于葡萄糖-甘氨酸模式体系的美拉德反应物。葡萄糖-甘氨酸模式体系的美拉德反应物对 ·OH和O2 ·的抑制率最高分别达50.65%和45.42%,而果糖-甘氨酸模式体系的美拉德反应物对 ·OH和O2 ·的抑制率最高则分别达57.55%和28.54%。     

草菇保鲜新技术研究及褐变机理初探

为延长草菇货架期,采用温度、防褐变试剂、包装方式和草菇成熟度四因素二水平正交试验设计以,通过对草菇过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性分析,研究草菇贮藏保鲜技术及褐变机理。结果表明：草菇最适贮温为13℃。采用八成成熟度、13℃贮温、不同包装方式和化学保鲜剂处理结合的方法,草菇可保鲜贮藏至少9d;保鲜袋密封扎口包装,13℃贮藏至少保鲜11d,褐变率54%。草菇保鲜期比已知研究结果延长了5d,大大延长了草菇的保鲜期。氯化钠、VC、柠檬酸溶液对草菇有一定的防腐、防褐变作用,多酚氧化酶对草菇褐变影响大于过氧化物酶。     

Chemical and microbial stability of high moisture dried apricots during storage

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to determine the chemical and microbial stability of high moisture (HM) dried apricots during storage at 5, 20 and 30 °C for a period of 8 months. HM dried apricots were obtained by rehydrating dried apricots in ‘water’ and ‘water + H₂O₂’. RESULTS: Analysis of kinetic data suggested first‐order models for loss of SO₂ and non‐enzymatic browning reactions. Higher storage temperatures increased the rate of SO₂ loss and formation of brown colour in HM dried apricots. Results from extensive colour measurements (non‐enzymatic browning, reflectance colour and β‐carotene) revealed that the colour of HM dried apricots stored at 5 °C was almost unchanged during 8 months of storage. The colour of samples stored at 30 °C was unacceptable starting from 2 months of storage. Total mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts decreased 0.7, 1.1 and 1.5 log cycles after 8 months of storage at 5, 20 and 30 °C, respectively. For the same storage period, the decrease in mesophilic bacteria was 0.62 log cycle in samples rehydrated in ‘water + H₂O₂’ and stored at 20 °C. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that HM dried apricots should be stored at temperatures lower than 20 °C to preserve the characteristic golden yellow colour. A relatively low level of SO₂ (1458 mg kg^?1 at 200 g kg^?1 moisture level) was sufficient to prevent the growth of spoilage organisms in HM dried apricots at all three storage temperatures. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in fresh cut lettuce subjected to the combined action of heat mild shocks and chemical additives

Enzymatic browning reduces the visual quality of lettuce. In producing minimally processed lettuce, the stresses caused by wounding associated to cutting operations enhance enzymatic activity. Mild heat shocks with chlorinated water with calcium ions or ascorbic acid were assayed as a mean of reducing phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity. Heat shocks reduced four times the rate of change in PAL activity during the first hours of storage over the rate for samples not subjected to thermal treatment. The addition of ascorbic acid resulted in an increase in PAL activity over samples where only chlorinated water was used. When calcium ions were introduced in the thermal baths, the PAL activity was reduced about four times, especially when the cutting operation was performed after the thermal shocks. Short heat shocks is a physical preservation technology that could be applied in countries with low technological development. This technology was efficient to control vegetable browning by reducing PAL activity.     

采收期对“大久保”桃贮藏期间果肉褐变的影响

以不同采收期的“大久保”桃为试材,分别研究其在冷藏期和货架期的酚类物质含量和多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化,探讨其对果实褐变的影响。结果表明：采收期越早,酚类物质含量和多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性越高,果肉褐变越严重,适时延迟采收可以有效减轻果肉褐变。八成熟(7 月22 日采摘于河北辛集市)桃果肉褐变程度最低。     

壳聚糖涂膜结合浸钙处理对芒果褐变及两种酶活性的影响

以桂热82号芒果为试材,在贮藏前进行浸钙处理和壳聚糖涂膜处理。结果表明:不同浓度钙结合壳聚糖膜处理,在一定程度上均能抑制芒果果实果面转黄率、转黄指数和果肉的褐变程度,抑制POD,PPO活性的上升;并能降低果实腐烂指数,提高果实的抗病性。其中以1%CaCl2+1%壳聚糖涂膜和3%CaCl2+1%壳聚糖涂膜处理,在贮藏期间能提高芒果果实的耐贮性、抗病性及品质,而1%CaCl2+1%壳聚糖涂膜处理贮藏效果最好。