Effect of liming and carbofuran on groundnut yield in sandy soils in Niger

One of the constraints to groundnut production in sandy soils of Niger is crop growth variability. In early 1989, a trial on the effect of lime and carbofuran on soil pH, Al toxicity, nematode population and groundnut yield was initiated to study crop growth variability. Groundnut was sown in the 1989 rainy season, followed by pearl millet (Pennisatum glaucum) in the 1989–90 dry season and again groundnut in the 1990–91 rainy, and dry seasons. In 1989 the carbofuran treatment increased the pod yield. Lime application did not change the pH and exchangeable Al⁺⁺⁺ contents in the soil and did not increase groundnut yield. In the 1990–91 rainy and dry season, however, the application of 10 t ha^–1 of lime increased pH, decreased exchangeable Al⁺⁺⁺, improved crop growth and increased the yield of groundnut to the same level as was achieved by the carbofuran treatment. Application of lime did not affect the nematode population, which were reduced by the carbofuran.International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT); Submitted as ICRISAT Journal Article No 1228(via Paris)     

Co-Treatment of Copper Oxide Nanoparticle and Carbofuran Enhances Cardiotoxicity in Zebrafish Embryos

The use of chemicals to boost food production increases as human consumption also increases. The insectidal, nematicidal and acaricidal chemical carbofuran (CAF), is among the highly toxic carbamate pesticide used today. Alongside, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO) are also used as pesticides due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The overuse of these pesticides may lead to leaching into the aquatic environments and could potentially cause adverse effects to aquatic animals. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of carbofuran and copper oxide nanoparticles into the cardiovascular system of zebrafish and unveil the mechanism behind them. We found that a combination of copper oxide nanoparticle and carbofuran increases cardiac edema in zebrafish larvae and disturbs cardiac rhythm of zebrafish. Furthermore, molecular docking data show that carbofuran inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in silico, thus leading to impair cardiac rhythms. Overall, our data suggest that copper oxide nanoparticle and carbofuran combinations work synergistically to enhance toxicity on the cardiovascular performance of zebrafish larvae.     

15%戊唑·克百威悬浮种衣剂的高效液相色谱分析

建立一种同时分析克百威和戊唑醇的反相高效液相色谱法。以甲醇+水为流动相,使用C18色谱柱和紫外检测器,在220 nm波长下对试样中克百威和戊唑醇进行分离和定量分析。结果表明:克百威和戊唑醇的线性相关系数分别为0.9996和0.9991,标准偏差分别为0.058和0.044,变异系数分别为0.42%和4.15%,平均回收率分别为99.94%和99.82%。方法操作简单、快速、准确,适用于15%戊唑·克百威悬浮种衣剂的定性和定量分析。     

蔬菜中腐霉利、克百威、对硫磷的检测能力验证样品研制及应用

目的 制备更贴近实际样品且均匀性和稳定性良好的能力验证样品,并通过能力验证项目分析全国实验室检测蔬菜中腐霉利、克百威、对硫磷的能力。方法 能力验证样品采用市售蔬菜汁添加目标物标准溶液的方式制备,并进行均匀性检验和稳定性检验;采用稳健统计得到指定值和能力评定标准差,利用z值对各参加实验室提交的结果进行评价。结果 所制备的样品经均匀性和稳定性检验样品符合能力验证要求;将所研制的样品应用于能力验证,全国共有94家实验室参加,其中参加腐霉利项目的实验室满意率为84.5%;参加克百威项目的实验室满意率为83.3%;参加对硫磷项目的实验室满意率为89.6%。结论 采用本研究中的制备方式制得的样品具有良好的均匀性和稳定性,能够满足能力验证样品的要求;能力验证统计结果表明,参加实验室的蔬菜中腐霉利、克百威、对硫磷的检测能力总体较好。通过本次能力验证活动对该领域实验室的检测水平有了一定了解,达到预期的效果。     

Development of a Bispecific Monoclonal Antibody to Pesticide Carbofuran and Triazophos Using Hybrid Hybridomas

ABSTRACT:  A mouse hybrid hybridoma (tetradoma) was derived from fusing hybridomas producing monoclonal antibody to N-methylcarbamate pesticide carbofuran with hybridomas producing monoclonal antibody to organophosphorus pesticide Triazophos. The prepared tetradoma line (12C1 to 2H12) secreted hybrid immunoglobulin exhibiting parental and bispecific binding characteristics. The effect of relevant physicochemical factors on the immunoassay based on the 12C1 to 2H12 bispecific monoclonal antibody had been studied to optimize the ELISA performance. The developed immunoassay showed that the detection limit (I₂₀) were 0.36 and 1.89 ng/mL for triazophos and carbofuran, respectively, without obvious cross-reactivity to other related compounds. Water samples spiked with triazophos at 0.5, 1, and 5 ng/mL or carbofuran at 5, 10, and 20 ng/mL were directly analyzed by the developed ELISA format. The mean recovery of triazophos and carbofuran were 108.1% and 107.5%, with variation coefficient of 15.9% and 17.7%, respectively.     

胶体金免疫层析法同时检测果蔬中克百威、水胺硫磷、百菌清及虫酰肼的应用研究

目的 研究胶体金免疫层析法同时检测果蔬中克百威、水胺硫磷、百菌清及虫酰肼残留量的适用性。方法 考察胶体金免疫层析法同时检测克百威、水胺硫磷、百菌清及虫酰肼在不同基质中的灵敏度, 并将该方法与参比方法进行比较, 验证其假阴性率和假阳性率。结果 克百威检出限为0.02 mg/kg, 水胺硫磷为 0.05 mg/kg、百菌清为3 mg/kg、虫酰肼为0.2 mg/kg, 基本满足国家标准对果蔬中这些农药的限量要求。对韭菜、大白菜进行加标实验, 均未出现假阳性及假阴性, 与参比方法无显著差异; 除丙硫克百威、丁硫克百威与克百威有交叉反应外, 水胺硫磷、百菌清及虫酰肼与非对应农药均无交叉反应。结论 该方法操作快速、准确、灵敏、简便, 适用于果蔬中克百威、水胺硫磷、百菌清及虫酰肼的同时检测。     

基于免标记电化学免疫传感的蔬菜中农药残留检测研究

本文利用层层自组装技术构建了一种用于农药残留高灵敏检测的免标记电化学免疫传感器。该免疫传感器首先通过在天然聚合物海藻酸钠修饰的玻碳电极上利用电化学方法原位聚合金纳米粒子,然后借助金纳米粒子与蛋白质抗体之间的较强吸附作用进一步原位组装农药抗体,从而成功构建了免标记电化学免疫传感器。实验中以呋喃丹农药为模型,呋喃丹分子通过特异性的免疫反应在抗体功能化电极表面生成免疫复合物,该复合物阻碍了电化学探针在电极表面的电子传递,从而减小了免疫传感器的电流响应,利用电流响应的变化与农药分子浓度的关系可以实现呋喃丹农药的快速、高灵敏检测。在优化的实验条件下,该传感器对呋喃丹农药的线性检测范围为1~105μg/L,检测限为1μg/L。同时,该免疫传感器还实现了多种蔬菜样品中呋喃丹农药残留的高灵敏检测。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测蔬菜中克百威和3-羟基克百威残留

目的建立一种克百威及3-羟基克百威农药残留的液相色谱-串联质谱(liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)检测方法。方法样品经乙腈提取,氯化钠盐析除水后,过氨基固相萃取柱净化,甲醇和二氯甲烷混合溶液洗脱。采用0.1%甲酸(A)和0.1%甲酸-乙腈(B)作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,质谱(ESI+)采用多离子检测模式(MRM)对定量离子和定性离子进行监测。结果本方法在15 min内完成2种目标化合物的分离分析。克百威和3-羟基克百威在10、30和100μg/kg添加水平的回收率为72.0%~106.4%,相对标准偏差小于6.9%(n=6),方法定量限为10μg/kg。结论该方法快速、准确、灵敏,适合测定蔬菜中克百威及3-羟基克百威药物残留。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定水中呋喃丹的研究

建立了气相色谱质谱联用法测定水中呋喃丹的方法。用二氯甲烷革取酸性水样中的呋喃丹、浓缩后加入内标苊-d10，采用气一质联用仪中选择离子监测（SIM）模式进行监测，提取目标化合物的特征离子进行定量，灵敏度高，水中呋喃丹的最低检测浓度可达0．05μg／L；准确度好，样品添加回收率在100、5％～111．0％之间；平行5次进行精密度试验，相对标准差低于6．21％。结果表明：方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好，适合各种水中呋喃丹的测定。     

盐析分相微萃取/液相色谱法测定水中氨基甲酸酯农药

采用盐析分相微萃取/高效液相色谱法同时测定水中三种氨基甲酸酯农药。Dia-monsil C18(5μm,250 mm×4.6 mm)色谱柱,甲醇/水(体积比为53∶47)流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为220 nm。最佳萃取条件:18.0 mL水样,300μL异丁醇作萃取剂,(NH4)2SO4加入量为14.0 g。速灭威、呋喃丹和西维因分别在(0.49～98.0)、(0.41～82.0)、(0.032～6.45)mg/L范围内呈现良好线性,方法检出限分别为5.7、4.8和0.4μg/L,加标回收率为78.61%～89.81%,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%。