Theoretical model of a drying system including turbulence aspects

Biological products contain high moisture content in the harvest period. Such moisture could cause their deterioration in storage. Drying is an interesting solution to keep the quality of these products. Generally, drying process is based on contact of a dry air phase with a wet solid. A theoretical model was developed to describe the dynamic behavior of a forced convection drying process. This model takes into account the entire dynamic phenomenon including turbulence, diffusivity and tortuosity effects. Only the mass transfer of water molecules during vaporization was referred to as an empirical expression. The model thus strongly build, was compared to Thompson’s empirical model. Corn grain was used in the validating process. Transient temperature and water content results are presented.     

HRBF500钢筋混凝土柱轴压试验研究

对7个配置HRBF500级钢筋混凝土柱进行轴压试验,研究不同混凝土强度、配筋率、长细比等参数下构件的破坏形态、承载力.结果表明,配置HRBF500级钢筋混凝土柱的承载力按照目前规范公式计算是可行的.     

谷物膨化混合粉的应用研究

以优质的黑米、薏米、荞麦粉为原料，采用现代挤压膨化技术制成膨化粉，将膨化粉按一定比例添加到小麦粉中，分别制作出营养保健价值很高的馒头、蛋糕、烤糕，研制出相应的馒头制作工艺、蛋糕制作工艺、烤糕制作工艺和工艺参数。     

废弃白酒糟酸水解工艺的优化

以废弃白酒糟为研究对象,利用正交实验考察了混和酸浓度、时间和温度对酒糟酸水解效果的影响,以木糖浓度和还原糖浓度为评价指标优化工艺条件,并探索最佳的超声波预处理条件。结果表明,在常温条件下,以500W功率、超声波预处理酒糟10min时酸水解效果更佳。最优的酸水解条件为混合酸浓度为2.5%、水解时间为2.5h,温度为120℃。该条件下,木糖浓度和还原糖浓度达到651.62μg/mL和11.85mg/mL。      

超临界CO2流体萃取啤酒糟中色素工艺的研究

利用超临界CO2流体萃取法提取啤酒糟中的色素,在单因素实验的基础上,选取萃取温度、萃取压力、CO2流量作为关键因子,以色素含量为响应值,通过响应面分析,确定出关键因子的最佳工艺参数,即萃取温度为45℃,萃取压力为30MPa,CO2流量为30L/h,萃取时间为150min,最终色素的含量为65.9μg/g。      

DEVELOPMENT OF A SUPERVISORY CONTROL STRATEGY FOR THE OPTIMAL OPERATION OF GRAIN DRYERS

ABSTRACT

In spite of the importance and especially high energy demands of grain dryers, relatively few studies have been carried out to discover the optimal conditions for their operation. High performance operation can only be achieved if an adequate operating strategy is developed. For its implementation, a reliable control structure is required, and some of the limitations of the conventional control strategies normally used in dryers are observed. These strategies are SISO; the control normally used presents low performance and the disturbance is characterized by several amplitudes and frequencies. A possible way to minimize this difficulty consists of defining the multilevel structure such that each level acts at a given amplitude and frequency. In order to implement this multilevel structure, an optimization problem was developed to function as a supervisory control and a predictive algorithm (DMC) was used for servo or regulatory control. The proposed DMC algorithm presented satisfactory results for the load rejection and set-point variation, only when a small disturbance was applied. For a larger disturbance an optimization procedure was necessary. The routine efficiently maintained the optimal operational conditions of the dryer and could be used in the supervisory control of the system.     

奶牛生物（活菌）饲料的研究

以酒精糟、白酒糟、碎玉米、啤酒糟等为原料,添加尿素、（NH4）2SO4及营养液F,采用“液体种子培养,多菌种混合固态发酵技术”生产奶牛生物（活菌）饲料。饲料粗蛋白平均含量36．55％、提高率1635％;酵母菌、有效细菌总数及活菌率分别为：7．85×10^8个g、7．11×10^9个,g和82．2％;β-淀粉酶1356mg／（g．h）、纤维素酶168um／（g．h）、中性蛋白酶1088ug／（g．min）、碱性蛋白酶372ug/（g·min）、糖化酶110u／（g．h）;VA80IU／（100g）、VB：2．35mg／（100g）、VD2945IU／（100g）、VC1．1mg／（100g）、烟酸10．7mg／（100g）。     

The influence of tillage and cropping-intensity on cereal response to nitrogen,sulfur, and phosphorus

Efficient fertilizer use is a prerequisite for achieving optimum crop yield while avoiding environmental contamination. Cereal response to nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) were determined for 6 years under differing tillage [conventional-till (CT) vs. no-till (NT)] and intensity of cropping (cereal/fallow vs. cereal/cereal). Semidwarf white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) alternated yearly with either fallow or spring cereal [barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or spring wheat] on a Typic Haploxeroll soil in a 415 mm rainfall zone. Fertilizer treatments were no fertilizer (None), N only (N), N plus S (NS), and N plus S plus P (NSP). Average application rate, when applied, was 109 kg N, 18 kg S, and 11 kg P ha^–1. Average cereal yield without fertilizer was 1.82 t ha^–1. Nitrogen increased grain yield in 6 of 6, S in 4 of 6, and P in 3 of 6 years, with P and S response significant the remaining years at the 10% probability level. Average yield increases were 1.11 t ha^–1 for N, 0.93 t ha^–1 for S, and 0.47 t ha^–1 for P. The NT/CT yield ratio was 0.60, 0.75, 0.93, and 0.95 with None, N, NS, and NSP addition, respectively, indicating that N and S deficiency were more severe in no-till. Limited increase in the NT/CT ratio with P addition indicated that P deficiency was less affected by tillage. Winter wheat always yielded less under NT than CT regardless of fertility, whereas spring cereals reached equality when fertilized with NSP. Annually-cropped wheat yielded 52, 67, 89, and 90% of wheat after fallow with None, N, NS, and NSP, respectively. Thus N and S, but not P, deficiency was more intense with increased frequency of cropping. Adequate fertility was a prime prerequisite for efficient yield in all systems.     

水/二氧化碳气氛下酒糟催化气化反应特性的研究

在固定床气化装置中,以赤泥为催化剂、水/二氧化碳为气化剂对酒糟进行气化实验。研究了赤泥添加量、气化温度和V（水）/V（二氧化碳）对酒糟气化活性的影响,并对水/二氧化碳共气化协同机理进行了探讨。结果表明：当赤泥添加量为20%（质量分数）时气化活性最佳;升高气化温度有利于提高气化反应活性;随着V（水）/V（二氧化碳）的增大,合成气产量、n（氢气）/n（一氧化碳）均增加,分别达到270.7 mmol/g和6.67;在水/二氧化碳混合气氛下共气化反应产生了明显的协同效应,协同因子在60%水-40%二氧化碳（体积分数）时达到峰值。拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜及比表面积分析表明：水/二氧化碳混合气氛下酒糟焦无定形碳和非晶碳结构的破坏程度比在纯水或二氧化碳中更严重,验证了二氧化碳和水在酒糟气化中存在协同效应;二氧化碳更容易在酒糟焦表面发生气化反应,形成大量微孔使其比表面积增加;水炭渗透力较强有利于形成中孔;在水/二氧化碳混合气氛下,二氧化碳与水产生的交互作用促进了孔结构的发育,使酒糟焦的微孔发展为中孔和大孔并促使气化反应向酒糟颗粒内部发展,这是协同效应产生的主要原因。     

A novel method for fabricating of high-performance multi-seeding GdBCO bulk superconductors

A novel multi-seeding (NMS) method is proposed for improving the performances of GdBCO samples by optimizing the shapes and the space configurations of the single-domain GdBCO grains. Three multi-seeding GdBCO bulk superconductors with dimensions of 60 × 20 × 14 mm³ were fabricated by a Gd + 011 infiltration growth method with different seeding techniques: samples S1 and S2 by the traditional multi-seeding method (TMS) with two and three seeds, respectively; and sample S3 by the NMS method with three seeds. The results show that among the three, sample S3 has both of the largest levitation force, 111 N, and the largest magnetic field coupling ratio, 68.57%, which are clearly higher than the levitation force of 100 N and 90 N, and the magnetic field coupling ratios of 34.25% and 11.33% for the samples S1 and S2, respectively. These results indicate that the NSM method is a useful way to improve the mechanical strength, homogeneity, and performances of multi-seeding GdBCO samples.