Enzyme-assisted extraction of chicken skin protein hydrolysates and fat: Degree of hydrolysis affects the physicochemical and functional properties

Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) of oils/fats involves the disruption of the cell wall of source material using enzymes to facilitate the release of oil. When proteases are used as the enzyme, EAE ends in the extracted oil as well as the protein hydrolysates. Herein, the EAE (using a commercial protease, Alcalase) was exploited to obtain fat and protein hydrolysates from chicken skin. Degree of hydrolysis (DH, the percentage ratio of cleaved peptide bonds), which showed a logarithmic correlation with the reaction time, was found to affect the properties of the products. As the DH increased, the peptide chain length of protein hydrolysates decreased which was confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis. With the increase of DH, the emulsifying activity index, foaming capacity, and oil holding capacity of the hydrolysates decreased but the solubility and emulsion stability index increased (p < 0.05). The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the hydrolysates increased with the DH up to DH = 39.62% but decreased thereafter (p < 0.05). EAE resulted in a rise in fat yield and the fat contained a higher amount of unsaponifiables and lower free fatty acids (FFA) content, as compared to the control treatment (No enzyme, 80°C, 2 h, p < 0.05). DH affected the fat yield and the unsaponifiables content of the fat, positively (p < 0.05). However, it did not affect the fat FFA content and iodine value (p > 0.05). Results obtained here showed DH can be used as an effective measure for controlling the physicochemical and functional properties of chicken skin protein hydrolysates and fat in the EAE process.     

地皮菜添加量对鸡胸肉糜凝胶特性的影响

以新鲜鸡胸肉为实验对象,探究地皮菜添加量对鸡胸肉糜蒸煮得率、保水性、色泽、质构、凝胶强度、流变特性和微观结构等的影响.结果表明:随着地皮菜添加量的增加,鸡胸肉糜的蒸煮得率和保水性呈先上升后下降的趋势,添加量在1.2％时最大,分别为95.71％和95.33％;鸡胸肉糜的L*值、a*值、b*值均显著降低(P＜0.05);硬...     

不同贮藏温度下稻花鸡肉优势腐败菌变化及Arrhenius 货架期预测模型的建立

为获得稻花鸡肉腐败菌的Arrhenius货架期预测模型,采用培养基初步筛选与16S rDNA全基因序列鉴定优势腐败菌,研究不同贮藏温度（25、4、0℃）下优势腐败菌和菌落总数的生长变化,通过化学反应动力学方程构建菌落总数、假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌货架期预测模型并进行验证。结果表明,稻花鸡肉在贮藏过程中逐渐占主导地位的优势腐败菌是假单胞菌属莓实假单胞菌和肠杆菌科沙雷氏菌属液化沙雷氏菌。稻花鸡肉25℃常温贮藏下货架期不超过0.5 d,腐败中后期沙雷氏菌占主导地位,4℃冷藏保鲜货架期不超过4 d,假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌均随贮藏时间的延长呈增长趋势,0℃冰温贮藏货架期不超过10 d,贮藏后期假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌差异性不显著。利用菌落总数、假单胞菌、沙雷氏菌3个指标建立货架期预测模型,3种货架期预测模型预测值与实测值对比,平均相对误差均在允许范围内,预测效果最佳的是假单胞菌货架期预测模型。菌落总数、假单胞菌和沙雷氏菌货架期预测模型均能对稻花鸡肉的货架期进行真实预测。     

低盐鸡肉香精货架期的延长及其风味特征分析

目的 研究水分活度降低剂对低盐鸡肉膏状香精贮藏特性和货架期的影响。方法 本研究采用常温储藏实验评价了山梨糖醇、木糖醇、海藻糖和丙三醇4种水分活度降低剂对低盐鸡肉膏状香精贮藏特性和货架期的影响,并通过感官评价、电子鼻和气相色谱-质谱法对其在蒜蓉酱中的风味特征进行分析。结果 添加1.0%山梨糖醇、2.5%木糖醇、2.5%海藻糖及4.0%丙三醇均能显著降低低盐鸡肉膏状香精(含盐5%)的水分活度,减缓细菌生长速度和延长货架期。添加高盐(含盐10%)和低盐(含盐5%)鸡肉香精制备的蒜蓉酱在感官评分上无显著差异,香气强度和风味特征相似。结论 添加4.0%丙三醇可将低盐鸡肉膏状香精(含盐5%)的货架期从75 d延长至120 d,低盐鸡肉膏状香精(含盐5%)可以保持蒜蓉酱原有的风味特征,达到降盐的目的。     

液压卡盘夹外圆快换三爪设计

常用数控车床液压卡盘换产调整慢、效率低,已不能满足快速换产的要求。为提高生产效率,实现数控车床的快速换产,以现有数控车床使用的液压卡盘为基础,设计了一种新的快换三爪结构。该快换三爪明显提高了调整速度,具有一定的先进性。文中给出了设计的三维结构和使用照片。     

Yield and Quality Characteristics of Rendered Chicken Oil for Biodiesel Production

Whole dead poultry birds obtained from commercial layer farms were assessed for fat in the whole carcass and then dry rendered in three different rendering regimens T₁, T₂ and T₃ (temperature = 120, 130 and 140 °C and shell pressure = 1, 2 and 3 kg/cm² respectively) and the effect on the yield and quality of the rendered chicken oil were studied. The overall fat percentage of the whole dead poultry carcass was 14.55 ± 0.17 % and the fat content of ‘greaves’ was 14.49 ± 0.38 %. In the dry batch rendering trials, the mean overall fat recovery was 24.46 ± 1.19, 26.78 ± 3.14 and 22.42 ± 2.32 % and the overall fat yield was 3.52 ± 1.72, 3.84 ± 0.44 and 3.22 ± 0.33 % of the carcass weight in T₁, T₂ and T₃ respectively. Solvent extraction of fat could recover 96.10 ± 0.14 % of fat from ‘greaves’ which was significantly higher than the mechanical centrifugation method. Among the quality characteristics of the rendered chicken oil (RCO), moisture content ranged from 0.61 % (T₂) to 1.09 % (T₁) and the mean specific gravity was 0.91 at 30 °C. The FFA values of RCO obtained from the T₃ rendering regimen were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the FFA values of T₂ and T₁. The mean acid value, iodine number, peroxide value, saponification value and unsaponifiable matter present in RCO showed no significant difference. The fatty acid profile and calorific values were studied. The RCO was converted to biodiesel by transesterification and the physico-chemical properties of the biodiesel were studied and compared with the Indian biodiesel specification.     

Deep Sequencing Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Muscle of Fast-Growing and Slow-Growing Broilers

Growth performance is an important economic trait in chicken. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in various biological processes, but their functions in chicken growth are not yet clear. To investigate the function of miRNAs in chicken growth, breast muscle tissues of the two-tail samples (highest and lowest body weight) from Recessive White Rock (WRR) and Xinghua Chickens (XH) were performed on high throughput small RNA deep sequencing. In this study, a total of 921 miRNAs were identified, including 733 known mature miRNAs and 188 novel miRNAs. There were 200, 279, 257 and 297 differentially expressed miRNAs in the comparisons of WRRh vs. WRRl, WRRh vs. XHh, WRRl vs. XHl, and XHh vs. XHl group, respectively. A total of 22 highly differentially expressed miRNAs (fold change > 2 or < 0.5; p-value < 0.05; q-value < 0.01), which also have abundant expression (read counts > 1000) were found in our comparisons. As far as two analyses (WRRh vs. WRRl, and XHh vs. XHl) are concerned, we found 80 common differentially expressed miRNAs, while 110 miRNAs were found in WRRh vs. XHh and WRRl vs. XHl. Furthermore, 26 common miRNAs were identified among all four comparisons. Four differentially expressed miRNAs (miR-223, miR-16, miR-205a and miR-222b-5p) were validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Regulatory networks of interactions among miRNAs and their targets were constructed using integrative miRNA target-prediction and network-analysis. Growth hormone receptor (GHR) was confirmed as a target of miR-146b-3p by dual-luciferase assay and qPCR, indicating that miR-34c, miR-223, miR-146b-3p, miR-21 and miR-205a are key growth-related target genes in the network. These miRNAs are proposed as candidate miRNAs for future studies concerning miRNA-target function on regulation of chicken growth.     

Molecular Characterization and Expression Pattern of Tripartite Motif Protein 39 in Gallus gallus with a Complete PRY/SPRY Domain

Members of tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins in mammals play important roles in multiple cellular processes in the immune system. In the present study we have obtained the chicken TRIM39 with the insertion of a base A at position 1006 bp, compared to the sequence in the NCBI database (Accession No: NM 001006196), which made TRIM39 fulfill the TRIM rule of domain composition with both PRY, and SPRY domains. The open reading frame consisted of 1392 bp encoding 463 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequences of TRIM39 protein in mammals were highly similar (from 91.48% to 99.61%), while chicken TRIM39 had relatively low homology with mammals (from 29.2% to 39.59%). Real time RT-PCR indicated that the mRNA expression level of TRIM39 was the highest in spleen, with a lower expression in liver, brain, and lung, suggesting it might be an important protein participating in the immune system.     

多级接触氧化工艺脱氮效果及不同运行方式的对比研究

重点考察了中试规模的多级接触氧化工艺处理不同浓度养鸡厂污水的脱氮效果,对接触氧化槽中的固定填料进行取样测量附着污泥的反硝化速率,发现好氧环境的填料表面污泥存在一定的反硝化性能,证明本工艺中存在同步硝化反硝化现象。通过分段进水以改善碳源不足、通过2#槽间歇曝气以强化缺氧环境,结果表明,缺氧环境不足是脱氮效果的主要限制因素,碳源不足对脱氮也有较大的负面影响。通过分析确定了本工艺的最佳运行方式为2#槽间歇曝气并联运行,当进水总氮质量浓度为203～408 mg/L时,其总氮去除率在81%左右,比最初的串联连续曝气方式时的总氮去除率提高37.9个百分点。     

鸡脂肪热氧化与风味的关系

以鸡脂肪为原料,测定脂肪在烹调温度下氧化过程中的羰基值,过氧化值,酸值随加热时间的变化,并以这些测定值为监控指标对不同时间的氧化产物作感官评价。研究结果表明,鸡脂肪氧化能产生较好风味感,并且风味感产生的最佳时间为10 h,此时羰基值为22.5 meq/kg。