Green leaf phenology at Landsat resolution: Scaling from the field to the satellite

Despite the large number of in situ, plot-level phenological measurements and satellite-derived phenological studies, there has been little success to date in merging these records temporally or spatially. In this research, we bridge this scale gap through higher resolution satellite records (Landsat) and quantify the accuracy of satellite-derived metrics with direct field measurements. We compiled fifty-seven Landsat scenes from southern New England (P12 R51) from 1984 to 2002. Green vegetation areal abundance for each scene was derived from spectral mixture analysis and a single set of endmembers. The leaf area signal was fit with a logistic-growth simulating sigmoid curve to derive phenological markers (half-maximum leaf-onset and offset). Spring leaf-onset dates in homogenous stands of deciduous forests displayed significant and persistent local variability. The local variability was validated with multiple springtime ground observations (r² = 0.91). The highest degree of verified small-scale variation occurred where contiguous forests displayed leaf-onset gradients of 10-14 days over short distances (< 500 m). These dramatic gradients occur in of low-relief (< 40 m) upland regions. The patterns suggest that microclimates resulting from springtime cold-air drainage may be influential in governing the start of leaf growth; every 4.16 m loss in elevation delayed spring leaf onset by 1 day. These microclimates may be of crucial importance in interpreting in situ records and interpolating phenology from satellite data. Regional patterns from the Landsat analyses suggest topographic, coastal, and land-use controls on phenology. Our results indicate that deciduous forests in the Providence, RI metropolitan area leaf out 5-7 days earlier than comparable rural areas. The platform-independent curve-fit methodology may be extended across platforms and field data. The methodologically consistent approach, in tandem with Landsat data, allows an effective scaling from plot to satellite phenological observations.     

黄瓜褐斑病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

对辽宁省保护地发生的黄瓜褐斑病进行病原菌的分离、鉴定 ,明确该病的病原菌为多主棒孢霉[Corynesporacassiicola(B.&C.)Wei]。生物学特性研究表明 ,该菌孢子萌发的最适温度范围为15～35℃ ,最适pH值为5～8,水滴是孢子萌发的必要条件。病菌营养生长的最适温度为15～35℃ ,最适 pH值为6～8 ,在PSA、PDA等常规培养基上生长良好 ,光照对菌丝生长速度影响不显著。病菌产孢的最适温度为25～30℃,最适pH值为5～8,光照有助于孢子形成,在PSA、PDA等常规培养基上能大量产孢。病菌分生孢子在室外难以安全越冬,在保护地内能够安全越夏。该菌寄主范围广,能寄生黄瓜和番茄等20余种作物     

基于局部二值模式的作物叶部病斑检测

根据作物叶片症状准确、快速检测作物病害是防治和控制作物病害的基础。为准确检测作物叶部病害,在窗阈值中心对称局部二值模式（WTCSLBP）的基础上,提出了一种作物病斑检测方法。首先利用自适应局部二值模式获取正常叶片图像特征并确定病斑判断阈值,然后将待检测叶片图像分割为大小相同的检测窗,并提取同样特征与阈值进行比较,以判断该检测窗是否有病斑。在三种苹果病害叶片图像数据库上的实验结果表明,该方法能够有效检测作物病斑分布特性。与中心对称LBP（CS-LBP）和WTCSLBP相比,该方法具有更少的特征维数和更高的正确识别率。     

Leaf and stem micromorphology of Byrsonima sericea DC. by light and scanning electron microscopy

Micromorphological studies were carried out using multiple microscopic techniques on the leaves and stem bark of Byrsonima sericea DC. (Malpighiaceae), a species popularly known as “murici” and used medicinally, in order to identify both qualitative and quantitative features of leaf and stem anatomy and histochemistry as differential parameters to support both the quality control of its ethnodrugs and the taxonomy of the genus. The study was conducted using traditional techniques of plant anatomy, histochemical tests, and the stomatal index (SI). Byrsonima sericea has hypostomatic leaves, anomocytic stomata, and its epidermal walls are anticlinal and straight on the adaxial and curved on the abaxial faces. T‐shaped trichomes were observed mainly on the abaxial surface. The leaf epidermis showed waxes syntopism on both surfaces, with the occurrence of different crystalloid forms on a single phylloplane. The mesophyll is dorsiventral, with 3‐4 collateral vascular bundles. Phenolic compounds, starch, and proteins were identified in the petiole and stem. The SI was 14.5 ± 0.53% (p < .05), but did not showed significant variations. A set of characters were found to be distinctive for the studied species, however, constituting parameters that could be used to separate B. sericea from other species of the genus.     

全液态化生产红薯叶保健黄酒的研究

该法生产黄酒时,除用传统的糯米外,还添加了营养价值高的红薯叶为原料,用α-淀粉酶液化;黑曲霉,根霉培养液糖化;通过正交试验得出:糯米∶红薯叶为8∶2、根霉15%、黑曲霉5%、酵母接种0.2%;酒精发酵时,前期30℃通风培养,后期28℃静止培养可有效地提高发酵速度;密闭状态下高温低温间隔陈酿可缩短陈酿时间。此黄酒具有保健作用。     

荷叶多糖的提取工艺研究

荷叶属睡莲科植物,是国家卫生部公布的药食同源物.目前对荷叶的研究多针对其中的黄酮、生物碱等物质,对其中多糖的研究甚少.采用热水浸提法提取荷叶水溶性多糖,选择浸提时间、温度、浸提固液比以及浸提次数作为单因素进行梯度实验,确定其条件范围,再通过进一步的正交实验得到荷叶水溶性多糖浸提工艺的优选因素组合:浸提时间2 h,温度75℃,固液比1∶30,浸提一次.     

黑龙江苹果亚科植物叶表皮形态结构的研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对黑龙江苹果亚科14种植物叶表皮微形态进行比较研究。结果显示:(1)叶表皮细胞呈多边形或无规则形,垂周壁式样呈平直或弓形、浅波纹、深波纹;(2)除无毛花楸无表皮毛外,其它均具有表皮毛,类型均为单细胞不分支非腺毛;(3)叶表皮纹饰呈均匀分布蜡质纹饰和仅气孔周围有蜡质条纹;(4)气孔器均在下表皮分布,且气孔器类型为轮列型、无规则型或不典型辐射型;气孔外拱盖为单层或双层,内缘近平滑或不规则波状;保卫细胞两极仅在水榆花楸、毛山楂、黑果栒子和全缘栒子中出现"T"型加厚。研究表明,该亚科下5属间的叶表皮微形态特征存在一定差异,属内种间在气孔器、表皮毛以及表皮纹饰特征上存在一致性,为属间的系统分类和演化提供了形态结构的依据。     

莲叶中总黄酮的浸提工艺研究

为提高莲的附加值,以新鲜莲叶为原料.对莲叶中总黄酮的浸提工艺进行了研究.研究结果表明,70%乙醇溶液是浸提莲叶中黄酮的较理想溶剂,最佳浸提工艺条件是:浸提温度为80℃,料液比为1:30,浸提次数为3次,每次2 h.同时展望了其市场前景.     

Maintenance of postharvest quality and bioactive compounds of fresh‐cut sweet leaf bush (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr.) through hot CaCl2 dips

The effects of hot CaCl₂ dips on postharvest quality and bioactive compounds of fresh‐cut sweet leaf bush were investigated. The vegetable was dipped in 0.5% or 1.0% (w/v) of CaCl₂ solutions at 40 °C for 30 s and the control was the untreated sample. Hot CaCl₂ dips significantly delayed the weight loss, maintained the overall quality and inhibited the wiltness (P < 0.05). Both hot CaCl₂ dips had no effect on the changes in lightness (L*) and delayed the decrease in greenness (‐a*) and total chlorophyll content and the increase in both yellowness (b*) and carotenoid content. Hot CaCl₂ dips enhanced total antioxidants, total phenolics content and both AsA‐POD and G‐POD activities from 38.6, 0.44, 15.2 and 22.4 at day 0 to 55.3, 0.55, 50.5 and 362.4 at day 8, respectively. Moreover, hot CaCl₂ dips also delayed the loss of DPPH free radical scavenging activity, total flavonoid, ascorbic acid and CAT activity when compared to other treatments during storage. This study showed that hot CaCl₂ dip maintains postharvest quality and enhanced bioactive compounds of fresh‐cut sweet leaf bush during storage.