Inhibition of Shiga Toxin 2 (Stx2) in Apple Juices and its Resistance to Pasteurization

Abstract: In the present study, we evaluated Shiga toxin (Stx2) activity in apple juices by measuring a decrease in dehydrogenase activity of Vero cells with the microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Freshly prepared juice from Red Delicious apples and Golden Delicious apples inhibited the biological activity of the bacterial toxin Stx2 produced by E. coli O157:H7 strains. Studies with immunomagnetic beads bearing specific antibodies against the toxin revealed that Stx2 activity was restored when removed from the apple juice. SDS gel electrophoresis revealed no difference (P < 0.05) in the densities or molecular weights between Stx2 in either PBS or apple juices. These results suggest that Stx2 may be reversibly bound to small molecular weight constituents in the juice. The Stx2 toxin was not inactivated on exposure to heat programs (63 °C for 30 min, 72 °C for 15 s, 89 °C for 1 s) commonly used to pasteurize apple juice, but lost all activity when exposed to 100 °C for 5 min. The results suggest that pasteurization of apple juice used to inactivate E. coli O157:H7 has no effect on Stx2, and that food-compatible and safe antitoxin compounds can be used to inhibit the biological activity of the Shiga toxin. Practical Application: This study explores the possibility of using naturally occurring antioxidative substances, in this case high phenolic apples juices, to inactivate Shiga toxin (Stx2) produced by E. coli O157:H7 in contaminated foods.     

响应面法优化复合益生菌发酵枸杞汁的工艺研究

以宁夏枸杞干果为主要原料,利用复合益生菌进行发酵。通过单因素和响应面试验设计,分别考察菌种比例、料水比、接种量和发酵时间对发酵枸杞汁品质的影响。结果表明,最佳发酵条件为复合益生菌配比为植物乳杆菌∶肠膜明串珠菌∶嗜热链球菌∶保加利亚乳杆菌=3∶3∶2∶1,料水比（枸杞干果∶水）为1∶9（g∶mL）,接种量5%,发酵时间8 h。发酵后测得发酵枸杞汁中的乳酸含量为432 mg/100 mL,活菌数为2.3×108 CFU/mL,总糖含量为155 mg/100 mL,总黄酮含量为0.25 mg/100 mL,蛋白质含量为0.2 g/100 mL,感官评分达到96分;发酵枸杞汁颜色为鲜亮的橘红色,口感细腻柔和,发酵香气浓郁且具有枸杞特征滋味。     

基于LF-NMR方法分析电子束辐照技术影响大豆浓缩蛋白粉水分的变化

本研究借助低场核磁共振技术(low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)测定经不同电子束辐照(electron beam irradiation,EBI)剂量处理后的大豆浓缩蛋白粉的水分分布信息,并通过热变性实验和傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared,FT-IR)初步探究了EBI对大豆浓缩蛋白粉水分变化的影响及其变化机制。结果表明,大豆浓缩蛋白粉中的主要水组分为与大豆蛋白分子紧密结合的结合水(T_(21),占97.0%±0.7%)。随着EBI剂量的增加,结合水和总水分含量均先增大后减小,在5.40 kGy时达到最大值。经热变性实验和FT-IR光谱图分析得知EBI处理不会改变大豆浓缩蛋白粉的变性温度,但是能引起结合水中的O-H基团与氨基酸中的C=O所形成的分子内H键以及分子间H键振动增强。这些结果不仅表明EBI可通过改变大豆蛋白分子内和分子间的H键作用来影响其水分分布及含量,还为进一步探究经EBI处理的蛋白类食品中的水分迁移机制奠定了基础。     

挡板式滤汁快速沉降系统在甘蔗糖厂的应用分析

滤汁的稳定处理可大大提高糖厂效能和产品质量,挡板式滤汁快速沉降系统在糖厂的使用表明：设备性能稳定、操作简单、澄清处理效果好,待处理的滤汁不回流,沉清汁完全达到直接入蒸发罐要求,泥汁直接去真空吸滤机或压滤机,较好地解决了滤汁难处理的问题。     

The effect of concentrate supplementation type on milk production,dry matter intake,rumen fermentation,and nitrogen excretion in late-lactation,spring-calving grazing dairy cows

In Ireland, milk is primarily produced using a spring-calving grass-based system, with the use of concentrate supplementation mainly when pasture availability and quality are reduced. In the autumn, when cows are in late lactation, reduced pasture productivity results in reduced milk yield and altered milk composition. Nitrogen utilization efficiency also reduces as lactation progresses. Concentrate supplementation has been found to increase milk production and reduce nitrogen (N) excretion, as high-N grass is usually replaced by a lower-N supplement; however, there is a paucity of information with regard to the optimum type of supplementation in late lactation. Therefore, the objective of this research is to investigate the effect of different concentrate supplementation types, based on barley or maize, on milk production, dry matter intake (DMI), rumen fermentation, and N excretion in late-lactation, spring-calving, grazing dairy cows. Thirty-six Holstein Friesian dairy cows were blocked on days in milk (185 DIM) and balanced for parity, pre-experimental milk yield, milk composition, and body condition score. Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design (n = 12). The 3 treatments consisted of a perennial ryegrass-based pasture-only (PO) treatment and pasture plus either of 2 supplementary concentrates, based on barley (PB) or maize (PM). The diets were fed for a 14-d acclimatization period and then for a further 63-d experimental period. Cows offered PO had a lower daily milk yield (15.1 kg) than PB (18.2 kg) or PM (16.8 kg). Similarly, PO had lower daily milk solids yield (1.46 kg) than PB or PM (1.68 and 1.53 kg, respectively). Cows offered PB had a greater milk yield and higher fat and protein yields than those offered PM. Offering PB increased total DMI (19.5 kg) compared with PO (17.7 kg), and milk response to concentrates was also greater for PB compared with PM (1.21 vs. 0.71 kg of milk per kg of concentrate). Cows offered PB had increased N in milk compared with PO. In conclusion, concentrate supplementation based on barley or maize resulted in increased milk and milk solids yield compared with offering PO. Cows offered barley had a greater response to concentrates and increased milk and milk solids yield in comparison to maize and showed increased N partitioning in milk compared with PO. A barley-based concentrate increased total DMI compared with PO.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定沙棘汁饮料中18种无机元素

目的建立微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)同时测定沙棘汁饮料中18种无机元素的方法。方法采用微波消解法对沙棘汁饮料样品进行处理,采用ICP-MS法测定,对前处理过程和仪器条件进行了优化,对方法性能进行考察,并将该方法用于4批市售沙棘汁样品中18种元素含量的检测。结果该方法线性范围宽,线性关系良好(r0.995),精密度高,18种元素的加标回收率为96.4%～107.3%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)为0.3%～5.9%。结论微波消解-ICP-MS法前处理过程简单,分析时间短,方法快速、准确、可靠,能够满足沙棘汁中多种元素同时检测的需要。     

延(边)黄牛泡菜发酵牛肉干的研制

以延(边)黄牛米龙肉为原料,泡菜汁为发酵液对发酵牛肉干进行研究。先通过单因素试验确定食盐、葡萄糖、泡菜汁、亚硝酸钠的添加量,再通过正交实验对泡菜发酵牛肉干的最佳配方进行了优化。试验结果表明,发酵牛肉干最佳配方为食盐添加量为1.5%,葡萄糖添加量为3%,泡菜汁添加量为25%,亚硝酸钠添加量0.015%。     

庆阳红富士苹果中多酚类成分组成及含量分析

为分析庆阳各县区8个示范果园的红富士苹果中多酚组成。采用微波-超声-纤维素酶辅助法提取苹果中多酚,福林酚比色法和高效液相色谱法(High performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定总酚组成及含量。结果表明,各鲜果中总酚含量为0.723~1.088 mg/g,主要包括绿原酸、对香豆酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、芦丁、根皮苷这6种多酚,其中绿原酸、对香豆酸和芦丁含量较高,分别为0.106~0.154、0.157~0.256和0.002~0.078 mg/g。庆阳苹果多酚组分多且含量高,营养丰富,食用和药用价值良好。     

Scapania nemorea liverwort extracts: Investigation on volatile compounds, in vitro antimicrobial activity and control of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in fruit juice

This study was focused on chemical characterisation of liverwort Scapania nemorea extracts and their antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and food-spoiling yeasts and bacteria. The chemical composition of three different extracts of the liverwort S. nemorea was determined by solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME GC–MS). The dominant compounds in extracts were sesquiterpenes β-bazzanene (11%, 17.9% and 14.6%), isobazzanene (10.2%, 15.8% and 11.7%) and aromadendrene (8.8%, 12.9% and 10.6%) in the methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. Antimicrobial potential of S. nemorea extracts against food spoiling yeasts and bacteria was determined in vitro by microdilution method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) varied from 0.5 to 3 mg/mL for bacteria, and from 0.2 to 1 mg/mL for yeasts. Moreover, the combined effects of dry methanol extract of S. nemorea and heat processing on the survival and growth of a spoilage yeast in an apple/orange-based beverage, have been assessed through a Central Composite Design. Changes in color and flavor of the beverages were considered acceptable also after one week of storage at 25 °C. The results provide evidence of antimicrobial potential of S. nemorea extracts and suggest its potential as natural antimicrobial agent for food preservation.