Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from cookies: A comparative study of ultrasound and microwave-assisted procedures

The chromatographic determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cookies has been improved in order to obtain a fast method with a low limit of detection through the combination of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), oil saponification and solid-phase extraction clean-up before the injection of purified extracts in a C18 201TP52 (5 µm, 250  × 2.1 mm) column. Using acetonitrile-water as mobile phase, with a 50% to 95% w/w acetonitrile gradient for a fixed flow of 0.250 ml min^-1, 15 PAHs were separated in 45 min. The column temperature was maintained at 15°C; and fluorimetric detection was made at a fixed excitation wavelength of 264 nm and emission measurements at the best wavelength for each analyte, from 352 nm for 11H-benzo[b]fluorene to 500 nm for indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene. Recoveries for all 15 PAHs varied between 96  ± 4 and 105%  ± 4%; and the limits of detection ranged from 0.015 ng g^-1 for chrysene to 0.7 ng g^-1 for phenantrene. Results were compared with those obtained by conventional Soxhlet extraction during 8-h refluxing with toluene, demonstrating that the methodology proposed is appropriate to quantify PAHs in cookies. Furthermore, the microwave-assisted method was faster and used less solvent than the conventional and ultrasound-assisted methods. The extraction time was reduced to 9 min compared with the 8 h required for Soxhlet extraction and 60 min required for ultrasound-assisted treatment, and the solvent consumption has been reduced to 25 ml compared with the 155 and 90 ml required using Soxhlet and ultrasound, respectively.     

Effect of king palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) flour incorporation on physicochemical and textural characteristics of gluten-free cookies

The replacement of the blend of rice flour (70%) and corn starch (30%) with king palm flour [ Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. and Drude] at levels of 0–30% was investigated for its effects on the chemical and physical characteristics of gluten-free dough and cookies. Cookies containing 10, 20 and 30% of king palm flour were analysed by twenty-one celiac consumers through preference-ranking test. Ash, minerals, and dietary fibre contents increased in cookies that were added with king palm flour. Compared with the control dough, the incorporation of king palm flour increased the firmness and decreased the adhesiveness of dough samples. The incorporation of king palm flour increased the hardness of cookies in relation to the control dough. None of the cookies differed significantly ( P  > 0.05) in the lightness (L*) parameter. All formulations produced cookies with hue angles around 60, which indicate a tendency to brown colour. The study reveals that the incorporation of king palm flour showed desirable results in nutritional characteristics, because of the increase of the dietary fibre and minerals contents. In this study, the cookies preferred by celiac consumers were those containing 10 and 20% of king palm flour ( P  > 0.05).     

香菇粉和豆沙复配曲奇特征风味物质分析

采用豆沙为加工主料与香菇粉进行复配制作曲奇,并对复配曲奇的挥发性特征成分进行分析鉴定。通过感官评定实验确定复配曲奇中香菇粉添加量及香菇粉细度,利用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对豆沙曲奇、香菇粉、香菇粉和豆沙复配曲奇的挥发性香气成分进行检测比较。结果表明：当香菇粉质量分数4%、香菇粉细度达到200 目时,香菇粉和豆沙复配曲奇具有最佳感官品质。该曲奇共检测出28 种风味成分,主要由杂环和芳香族化合物、醛类、烃类以及醇类等化合物提供,其特征风味物质主要是1-辛烯-3-醇、二甲基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚等含硫化合物以及2,5-二甲基吡嗪、2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪、2,5-二甲-3-乙基吡嗪等杂环类化合物。本产品拓展了豆类及香菇原料在烘培制品中的应用,得到一款工艺简单、营养丰富且兼具豆类和香菇浓醇风味的新式曲奇饼干。     

松茸曲奇特征风味成分分析鉴定

选用富含功能活性因子且蛋白质含量较高的白豆沙和松茸粉代替传统低筋面粉制作新型松茸曲奇,从而丰富普通曲奇的风味成分,达到营养互补。实验在前期对原料的筛选及产品加工工艺优化的基础上,利用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对松茸粉、普通曲奇和松茸曲奇的挥发性香气成分进行检测比较。结果表明：松茸粉、普通曲奇和松茸曲奇的挥发性成分分别为42、12 种和25 种。相比于普通曲奇,松茸曲奇的风味成分更丰富,特征风味成分主要为吡嗪类杂环化合物,分别为2-甲基吡嗪（2.98%）、2,5-二甲基吡嗪（3.72%）以及3-乙基-2,5-二甲基吡嗪（1.30%）。该产品设计为消费者提供了新型风味特征的烘焙食品,由感官评价可知其更易被接受。     

Physical properties and consumer liking of cookies prepared by replacing sucrose with tagatose

ABSTRACT:  The objective of this study was to investigate the suitability of tagatose, a minimally absorbed prebiotic monosaccharide, as a replacement for sucrose in cookies. A sucrose-containing cookie recipe was prepared as the control. Sucrose was replaced with tagatose at various levels ranging from 25% to 100%. Cookies containing fructose were also prepared for comparison due to the structural similarities between tagatose and fructose. The rheological properties of the dough were measured using texture profile analysis. The baked cookies were evaluated for spread, color, and hardness. For tagatose-containing cookies, the extent of likeness was evaluated by 53 untrained panelists using a 9-point hedonic scale. When sucrose was replaced by tagatose, doughs with similar rheological properties to the control resulted. The tagatose-containing cookies were harder and darker with a lower spread than the control. Sensory data indicated that panelists liked the brown color of the 100% tagatose cookies better than the control, but disliked their sweetness. Overall likeness scores of the control and cookies made by replacing half of the sucrose with tagatose were the same. Tagatose appears to be suitable as a partial replacer for sucrose in cookies based on similar dough properties, cookie properties, and likeness scores. Using tagatose to replace sucrose in foods would reduce the amount of metabolizeable sugars in the diet as well as provide the desirable prebiotic effect.     

Stability and consumer acceptance of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5, n-3 and docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6, n-3) in cream-filled sandwich cookies

ABSTRACT:  We formulated a filling for sandwich cookies containing 400 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5, n-3 (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6, n-3 (DHA) encapsulated in a matrix of starch and gelatin. Cookies were stored at 2 different temperatures (18 °C and 35 °C) and under 2 different packaging conditions (atmospheric and vacuum packed) for 28 d. At regular intervals, cookies were analyzed for moisture, water activity, and concentrations of EPA, DHA, and dienes. Results showed that there were no significant losses of EPA and DHA during storage under the conditions of study. A maximum loss of 5% was observed after 28 d of storage. The concentration of dienes obtained under different conditions were low (< 25 mmol/kg) as compared to a salmon oil sample with appreciable signs of oxidation (600 mmol/kg). Sensory evaluation of cookies by an untrained panel of healthy consumers and ulcerative colitis patients revealed no aftertaste and high acceptability of the cookies. Our results demonstrated that it is possible to make shelf-stable fortified foods with high levels of long-chain ω3FA.     

液质联用法检测饼干中4种单端孢霉烯类 真菌毒素

目的建立饼干中4种单端孢霉烯类真菌毒素的液相色谱-质谱联用分析方法。方法样品经乙腈/水溶液(84:1 6,V:V)提取后用MycoSep227或MycoSep226多功能柱净化,Agilent ZORBAX Bonus-RP色谱柱分离,液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)测定,电喷雾正离子模式(ESI~+)和负离子模式(ESI~-)多反应模式检测。结果样品中4种单端孢霉烯类真菌毒素在各自的线性范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均不低于0.997,定量限为5~20μg/kg,3个加标水平下平均回收率为66.9%~1 01.8%,相对标准偏差为3.7%~13.9%。结论该方法具有前处理简单、净化效果好、灵敏度高,适用于同时检测一种样品中4种单端孢霉烯类真菌毒素的残留量。     

Acidulant and oven type affect total anthocyanin content of blue corn cookies

BACKGROUND: Anthocyanins, pink to purple water‐soluble flavonoids, are naturally occurring pigments with claimed health benefits. However, they are sensitive to degradation by high pH, light and temperature. Blue corn (maize) contains high levels of anthocyanins. Cookies are popular snacks and might serve as a vehicle to deliver antioxidants. A cookie formula with a high level of blue corn was developed with added acidulents and baked in ovens with different heat transfer coefficients. RESULTS: The best whole‐grain blue corn flour/wheat pastry flour ratio (80:20 w/w), guar gum level (10 g kg^?1, flour weight basis) and water level (215 g kg^?1, flour weight basis) were determined based on response surface methodology analysis. The interactions of citric and lactic acids and glucono‐δ‐lactone with three oven types having different heat transfer coefficients (impingement oven 179 °C/4 min, reel oven 204 °C/10 min and convection oven 182 °C/4 min) influenced the total anthocyanin content (TAC) remaining in blue corn‐containing cookies after baking. CONCLUSION: Cookies baked with citric acid in the convection oven retained the maximum TAC (227 ± 3 mg kg^?1). By baking rapidly at lower temperatures and adding acidulents, it may be possible to increase residual natural source antioxidants in baked foods. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

高纤维减肥饼干营养补充剂速溶片的研制

实验对一种高纤维减肥饼干的营养成分进行了测定与分析,并针对其营养素含量的不足,通过速溶片的形式进行补充。分别以崩解时间和感官品质为评价指标,对速溶片的配方进行优化,确定了速溶片的基料为：柠檬酸55%,碱剂35%,阿斯巴甜3%,甜橙粉末香精1.5%。