Synthesis of a Coumarin-Based PPARγ Fluorescence Probe for Competitive Binding Assay

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a molecular target of metabolic syndrome and inflammatory disease. PPARγ is an important nuclear receptor and numerous PPARγ ligands were developed to date; thus, efficient assay methods are important. Here, we investigated the incorporation of 7-diethylamino coumarin into the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone and used the compound in a binding assay for PPARγ. PPARγ-ligand-incorporated 7-methoxycoumarin, 1, showed weak fluorescence intensity in a previous report. We synthesized PPARγ-ligand-incorporating coumarin, 2, in this report, and it enhanced the fluorescence intensity. The PPARγ ligand 2 maintained the rosiglitazone activity. The obtained partial agonist 6 appeared to act through a novel mechanism. The fluorescence intensity of 2 and 6 increased by binding to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of PPARγ and the affinity of reported PPARγ ligands were evaluated using the probe.     

Different drug incorporation routes in ethylene oxide based copolymers

Coumarin is successfully incorporated in poly(ethylene oxide)‐poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers functionalized with terminal alkynes, PEO‐b‐PPO‐b‐GPE, by click reactions at atmospheric pressure and in CO₂ supercritical conditions (scCO₂). The presence of glycidyl propargyl ether (GPE), an alkynyl‐terminated monomer, in the copolymer chain allows the covalent attachment of the coumarin by click chemistry, obtaining polymer–drug conjugates. First, the most suitable synthesis procedure for the above‐mentioned copolymers was established. Then, the click reactions were carried out confirming the coumarin attachment by Fourier transform IR and ¹H NMR analyses, achieving good yields in both cases with a coumarin content of about 9.3 wt% and avoiding the use of toxic solvents in the case of scCO₂. In addition, thanks to the amphiphilic character of the copolymer due to the presence of hydrophilic (PEO) and hydrophobic (PPO) segments, micelle formation is also possible and was confirmed by dynamic light scattering and high resolution SEM. Finally, coumarin incorporation was achieved by micelle formation using the direct dissolution method in order to compare the polymer–drug system properties. This second route allows a drug entrapment efficiency of 14 wt% to be reached. In both cases, the size of the polymeric micelles obtained is in a suitable range to enable permeability. However, an interesting point is the reduction in the size of the micelles with increase in the GPE percentage and with the covalent attachment of the coumarin to the copolymer, which is supposed to improve their permeability. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Coumarin-Tagged Dinuclear Trithiolato-Bridged Ruthenium(II)⋅Arene Complexes: Photophysical Properties and Antiparasitic Activity

The synthesis, characterization, photophysical and biological properties of 13 new conjugate coumarin-diruthenium(II)⋅arene complexes against Toxoplasma gondii are presented. For all conjugate organometallic unit/coumarins, an almost complete loss of fluorescence efficacy was observed. However, the nature of the fluorophore, the type of bonding, the presence and length of a linker between the coumarin dye and the ruthenium(II) moiety, and the number of dye units influenced their biological properties. The in vitro activity against a transgenic T. gondii strain grown in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) leads to IC₅₀ values for T. gondii β-gal from 105 to 735 nM. Of note is that nine compounds displayed lower IC₅₀ than the standard drug pyrimethamine. One compound applied at its IC₅₀ did not affect B-cell proliferation but had an impact on T-cell proliferation in murine splenocyte cultures. Transmission electron microscopy of T. gondii β-gal-infected HFF showed that treatment predominantly affected the parasites’ mitochondrion.     

7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素的合成

研究了间苯二酚和乙酰乙酸乙酯合成7-羟基-4-甲基香豆素，考察了影响反应的主要因素。反应的最优条件：反应温度为75℃，对甲苯磺酸0．5g，间苯二酚0．1mol，a(间苯二酚)：n(乙酰乙酸乙酯)为1．0：1．0，反应时间为2h，在此条件下产率为91．8％。     

芳基取代香豆素合成方法的研究进展

本文综述了在香豆素母体环上具有不同取代基的3-位和4-位芳基取代化合物的合成进展。其中Perkin反应以水杨醛和芳基乙酸为原料，在有机碱和醋酸酐存在下反应，而对于有N，N-二乙氨基取代的香豆素则需要用Knoevenagal反应在催化量的有机碱存在下由N，N-二乙氨基取代的水杨醛与芳基乙腈反应制得。由于一些取代水杨醛的合成比较困难，这时可利用Pechmann反应在路易斯酸催化下由取代酚直接反应制备香豆素化合物，以上这三种制备芳基取代香豆素的方法一般收率都较高，可应用于工业化生产，另外，在Vilsmeier-Haack反应中可用Vilsmeier试剂来制备芳基香豆素化合物。该反应副产物反物很少，条件比较温和，利用钯金属等催化合成的4-芳基香豆素化合物反应中，避免了常用的Pechmann反应中使用等当量的矿物酸或路易斯酸。可减少对环境带来的污染。     

HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY DETERMINATION OF ANILINES WITH FLUORESCENT DETECTION AND PRE-COLUMN DERIVATIZATION

A simple, sensitive, and rapid reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the determination of anilines in water is proposed. The use of 2,7-diethylamino-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl-benzothiazole-6-sulfonylchloride (coumarin 6-SO₂Cl) as a fluorigenic-labeling reagent was investigated. The label reacted with aniline within 30 min under mild conditions (ambient temperature, pH 9.0) to give sulfonamides that were separated by RP-HPLC employing fluorescence detection with an excitation wavelength of 470 nm and an emission wavelength of 520 nm. The optimum conditions for fluorescence, derivatization, and chromatographic separation were established. The calibration curves were linear for the range 0–800 ppb. The proposed method was applied for the determination of anilines in spiked drinking water samples and irrigation water samples with recoveries of 90.0–103.9% and relative standard deviations of 1.2–4.7%, respectively. This method showed good accuracy and repeatability that can be used for the quantification of aniline in real samples.     

秦皮总香豆素对原发性急性痛风性关节炎止痛效应的探索性临床试验

目的: 评价秦皮总香豆素制剂对急性痛风性关节炎湿热阻络证的止痛效应。方法: 采用随机、双盲、安慰剂平行组对照、剂量-反应研究设计和优效性检验。观察急性痛风性关节炎湿热阻络证共 109例, 其中低剂量组 36 例, 高剂量组 36 例, 对照组 37例。结果: 秦皮总香豆素治疗 5 d 后, 患者对关节疼痛记分改善程度的评价, 以及医生对关节压痛程度改善的评价均优于安慰剂, 呈现一定的剂量-效应关系;但关节疼痛消失率及关节压痛消失率与安慰剂组的差别没有统计学意义。结论: 秦皮总香豆素对急性痛风性关节炎有一定的止痛效应。     

聚异氰酸酯改性乙二醛-尿素树脂的性能研究

用聚异氰酸酯(pMDI)对乙二醛-尿素(GU)树脂进行改性并用于刨花板生产。在对GU树脂的结构及固化性能进行研究的基础上,对pMDI的用量及热压工艺进行了优化。IR谱图表明,GU树脂中含有大量的OH活性基团,具有与pMDI发生反应的结构基础;差热分析表明,该体系的凝胶化温度为106.49℃,固化温度为113.37℃,后处理温度为123.29℃,固化反应表观活化能Ea=158.02kJ/mol,反应级数n=0.98,反应频率因子A=2.09×1021min-1。当pMDI与GU树脂的质量比为15∶85时生产的刨花板能达到国家标准,其适合的热压工艺为:压力2.5 MPa、温度140℃、时间5 min。     

同位素稀释-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定婴儿配方乳粉中的4种香料

目的建立用同位素稀释-气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)同时测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中香兰素、甲基香兰素、乙基香兰素和香豆素4种香料的方法。方法样品经饱和氯化钠水溶液溶解后加入同位素内标,经乙腈超声提取后离心取上清液,加入正己烷去除脂类。萃取液浓缩定容后,采用VF-WAXms色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm)分离目标物,利用质谱在全扫描模式和选择离子扫描模式同步扫描模式下,对4种香料及其同位素内标物进行检测,用内标法定量。结果该方法在16 min内即可完成4种化合物的分离分析。4种化合物在0.05~5.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均高于0.999,定量限为0.03 mg/kg,在3个加标水平(0.1、1.0、5.0 mg/kg)下,4种化合物的平均回收率为85.7%~98.3%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)不大于5.0%。结论该方法快速、准确、灵敏,适合婴幼儿配方粉中香兰素、甲基香兰素、乙基香兰素和香豆素4种香料的同时测定。