Solvent extraction of oil from soybean flour II— pilot plant and two-solvent extractions

The process of grinding soybeans to a fine flour and extracting the flour with hexane was studied on a pilot plant scale. The crude oil from the pilot plant study had 15 ppm phosphorus and was suitable for physical refining after a light acid pretreatment and bleaching. The refined oil showed a Lovibond color of 1.4 yellow and 0.3 red. The pilot plant study also showed that grinding of the soybeans and the separation of solid from miscella were the most difficult steps in solvent extraction with fine flour. A laboratory study on separation of miscella from meal by aqueous ethanol reduced the hold-up volume, but it did not remove all the miscella. A test with betacarotene showed that only the miscella outside the flour particles was displaced. Aqueous ethanol solutions used as a second solvent extracted additional nontriglyceride materials (primarily phospholipids) from the meal. Also, the free fatty acid content of the oil was increased with aqueous ethanol solution wash. The quality of the extracted crude oil was lowered by using a second solvent, but it had the advantage of needing only one centrifugation to separate miscella from meal.     

稠油O/W型乳状液稳定性的研究

以大庆黑帝庙稠油为研究对象，依据稠油乳化降粘原理及O／W型乳状液的形成机制，考察了表面活性剂类型及添加量，碱的添加量，温度、油／水比、振荡方式等因素对稠油O／W型乳状液稳定性的影响。为筛选降粘剂复合配方及选择降低粘工艺提供了必要的基础数据。     

Maya crude hydrodemetallization and hydrodesulfurization catalysts: An effect of TiO2 incorporation in Al2O3

Hydrotreating of Maya heavy crude oil over high specific surface area CoMo/TiO₂–Al₂O₃ oxide supported catalysts was studied in an integral reactor close to industrial practice. Activity studies were carried out with Maya crude hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodemetallization (HDM), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), and hydrodeasphaltenization (HDAs) reactions. The effect of support composition, the method of TiO₂ incorporation, and the catalyst deactivation are examined. Supported catalysts are characterized by BET specific surface area (SSA), pore volume (PV), pore size distribution (PSD), and atomic absorption. It has been found that sulfided catalysts showed a wide range of activity variation with TiO₂ incorporation into the alumina, which confirmed that molybdenum sulfided active phases strongly depend on the nature of support. The pore diameter and nature of the active site for HDS, HDM, HDN, and HDAs account for the influence of the large reactant molecules restricted diffusion into the pore, and/or the decrease in the number of active sites due to the MoS₂ phases buried with time-on-stream. The textural properties and hysteresis loop area of supported and spent catalysts indicated that catalysts were deactivated at the pore mouth due to the metal and carbon depositions. The atomic absorption results agreed well regarding the textural properties of spent catalysts. Thus, incorporation of TiO₂ with γ-Al₂O₃ alters the nature of active metal interaction with support, which may facilitate the dispersion of active phases on the support surface. Therefore, the TiO₂ counterpart plays a promoting role to HDS activity due to the favorable morphology of MoS₂ phases and metal support interaction.     

Method of Predicting Water Content in Crude Oil Based on Measuring Range Automatic Switching

Water content in output crude oil is hard to measure precisely because of wide range of dielectric coefficient of crude oil caused by injected dehydrating and demulsifying agents.The method to reduce measurement error of water content in crude oil proposed in this paper is based on switching measuring ranges of on-line water content analyzer automatically.Measuring precision on data collected from oil field and analyzed by in-field operators can be impressively improved by using back propogation (BP) neural...     

倒卵叶五加多糖提取分离工艺的优化

通过正交试验优化了倒卵叶五加多糖的提取分离工艺．采用水提醇沉法提取多糖,通过单因素试验和L9（3^4）正交试验对影响多糖提取分离工艺的各因素进行了研究．所优化的倒卵叶五加多糖最佳提取分离工艺为用10倍量水提取3次,每次1h;醇沉分离工艺最佳条件为醇沉时乙醇体积分数859／6,料液比1：2（g／mL）,静置14h．实验证明,该提取分离工艺稳定可靠．     

响应面法优化微波辅助提取桑叶多糖的工艺研究

利用微波辅助技术进行桑叶多糖提取,通过单因素实验确定因素与水平,应用Box-Behnken设计3因素3水平的试验,依据回归分析确定最优的提取工艺条件.结果表明,微波辅助提取桑叶多糖的优化提取工艺条件为：温度88℃、时间11 min和液固比18∶1,提取的多糖含量为15.20 mg/g.微波辅助提取的多糖含量分别比传统水提法提取10 min和60 min高2.18倍和0.23倍.     

原油变频超流量节能外输技术的研究与应用

结合雅克拉集气处理站凝析油外输泵通过低频率超(额定)流量节能外输的实例,分析如何提高输油系统运行效率实现节能降耗,特别是通过变频器如何实现输油系统节能最大化,并提出变频超流量外输节能技术的新理论。现场试验表明,该技术能够有效降低能耗,解决泵结盐等问题。     

无性型虫草菌株qsun-1的生长特性

利用组织分离法,从青藏高原野外采集的新鲜的冬虫夏草子座中分离得到无性型虫草菌株qsun-1,并研究了该菌株的菌落形态及显微结构.确定无性型虫草菌株qsun-1最佳培养条件为:生长温度15～18℃;培养基的构成为蔗糖2％,蛋白胨2％,MgSO4 0.1％,KH2 PO4 0.2％.     

不同剂量A群脑膜炎球菌多糖菌苗的反应

应用30和50μg A 群脑膜炎球菌多糖菌苗,接种不同年龄组儿童和青少年、观察其全身和局部反应及大面积普种的异常反应。结果表明:接种30和50μg 菌苗后全身和局部反应轻微,两种剂量的接种反应无差别,仅有两个点接种两个不同年龄组时出现50μg 的全身及局部反应高于30μg。普种50多万人均未发生异常反应。     

Effect of phosphorus on activity of hydrotreating catalyst of Maya heavy crude

The effect of phosphorus on physical properties of the catalyst and on activity of hydrotreating of Maya crude was studied in this work. Catalysts were prepared by the co-impregnation method. Alumina-titania binary oxide was used as a support material. The presence of phosphorus in the catalyst decreases the percentage of micropores, and it results in a decrease of specific surface area. Temperature program reduction (TPR) shows that phosphates reduce metal support interaction. It leads to the formation of polymolybdate phases in expense of strongly bonded tetrahedral molybdates. At higher P loading, polymolybdates may be present with quasi crystalline MoO₃. However, the TPR experiment is not sufficiently sensitive to distinguish several phases present on the catalysts used by the authors. A slight increment of HDM activity is observed, but HDS activity is lower in the P containing catalyst compared with the P free catalyst. The changes of physical properties of the spent catalysts are mainly due to the coke formation on the catalyst. The presence of phosphorus on hydrotreating catalysts inhibits coke formation during the hydrotreating reaction.