Synthesis of a Long Acting HIV Protease Inhibitor via Metal or Enzymatic Reduction of the Appropriate Chloro Ketone and Selective Zinc Enolate Condensation with an Amino Epoxide

This paper describes a new convergent approach to the synthesis of an HIV protease inhibitor which was designed to be suitable in long acting formulations. Unique features in the synthesis include an asymmetric hydrogenation as well as enzymatic reduction of a key chloro ketone intermediate, to set the threo stereochemistry in the corresponding epoxide and the diastereoselective coupling of the latter with the zinc enolate of a suitable functionalized amide derivative.     

THE RELEASE OF YEAST PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES INTO BEER

A simple assay to screen brewing yeast for the release of proteases into beer is outlined and the impact of the yeast proteases on beer foam stability is discussed.     

Characterization of a novel protease from Bacillus cereus and evaluation of an eco‐friendly hydrolysis of a brewery byproduct

Proteases and proteolytic enzymes constitute one of the most important groups of enzymes and are attracting worldwide attention in attempts to exploit their physiological and biotechnological applications. In this study, partial purifications and biochemical and antimicrobial characterizations of a protease from Bacillus cereus spp., originally isolated from fermented cabbage, were carried out. The crude extract obtained after purification, involving ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis, was designated as a partially purified protease (PPP). The obtained PPP had a specific activity of 0.395–2.539 U/g at 32 °C, with maximum activities for the fractions precipitated at 60 and 80% ammonium sulphate. The PPP activity ranged between 20 and 55 °C, with an optimum temperature at 40 °C. At 60 °C, the PPP retained more than 30% of its activity. The optimum pH for the PPP was achieved at pH 9, indicating the alkaline source of the enzyme. Protease production was specifically dependent on the calcium concentration in the culture medium. Also the robustness of the protease on brewer's spent grain hydrolysis was demonstrated. This suggests a potential eco‐friendly application of the enzyme. Finally, it was found that the PPP inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7. This novel property of the PPP liberated by the B. cereus spp. could provide important future benefits to industry. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Comparative study on proteolysis of two species of bigeye snapper,Priacanthus macracanthus and Priacanthus tayenus

Proteolytic activity in muscle from two species of bigeye snapper (Priacanthus macracanthus and Priacanthus tayenus) was studied. Autolysis of mince and washed mince at 50 and 60 °C was compared. Higher degradation of myosin heavy chain was observed in both mince and washed mince from P macracanthus than in those from P tayenus, especially when the incubation time was increased. Autolysis of washed mince from both species was inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor, suggesting that myofibril‐associated proteases were serine proteases. When sarcoplasmic proteolytic activity in P macracanthus muscle was studied, two activity peaks with an optimum temperature of 60 °C were observed at pH 6.5 and 8.5. The activities of both peaks were mostly inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor, suggesting that the major protease was a serine protease. Major sarcoplasmic proteolytic activity in P macracanthus muscle was found at M_r 62 000 on sodium dodecyl sulphate substrate gel. For P tayenus sarcoplasmic proteolytic activity, two activity peaks with an optimum temperature of 60 °C were found at pH 5.0 and 8.5. The pH 5.0 peak activity was effectively inhibited by pepstatin A, while the pH 8.5 peak activity was inhibited by several inhibitors. The results indicated that various sarcoplasmic proteases were present in P tayenus muscle. The two species contained different sarcoplasmic proteases in terms of composition and activity level. P macracanthus muscle generally had higher sarcoplasmic proteolytic activities than P tayenus muscle. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

s‐Ethyl Cysteine and s‐Methyl Cysteine Protect Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Against Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Injury

Protective effects and actions from s‐ethyl cysteine (SEC) and s‐methyl cysteine (SMC) for BEAS‐2B cells were examined. BEAS‐2B cells were pretreated with SEC or SMC at 4, 8, or 16 μmol/L, and followed by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) treatment. Data showed that H₂O₂ enhanced Bax, caspase‐3 and caspase‐8 expression, and declined Bcl‐2 expression. However, SEC or SMC dose‐dependently decreased caspase‐3 expression and reserved Bcl‐2 expression. H₂O₂ increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and lowered glutathione level, glutathione peroxide, and glutathione reductase activities in BEAS‐2B cells. SEC or SMC pretreatments reduced ROS generation, and maintained glutathione redox cycle in those cells. H₂O₂ upregulated the expression of both p47^phox and gp91^phox. SEC and SMC downregulated p47^phox expression. SEC or SMC at 8 and 16 μmol/L decreased H₂O₂‐induced release of inflammatory cytokines. H₂O₂ stimulated the activation of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase. SEC and SMC pretreatments dose‐dependently downregulated NF‐κB p65 and p‐p38 expression. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate or SB203580 inhibited NF‐κB activation and p38 phosphorylation; thus, SEC or SMC pretreatments failed to affect protein expression of these factors. These novel findings suggest that SEC or SMC could protect bronchial cells and benefit respiratory epithelia stability and functions.     

超分子双波长共振光散射法测定半胱氨酸含量

对半胱氨酸-孔雀石绿体系的反应条件进行优化,建立孔雀石绿单波长、双波长共振光散射光谱法检测半胱氨酸的新方法。结果表明：在硼砂-氢氧化钠缓冲溶液中,孔雀石绿与硼酸结合产生共振光散射,在波长285、338 nm处有2 个较强烈的共振光散射峰;加入半胱氨酸后,共振光散射更加强烈,且共振光散射强度随着半胱氨酸浓度增加而增强。在波长285、338 nm处,半胱氨酸在0.10～0.60 mg/L范围内与体系共振散射强度差值（ΔI）呈线性关系,检出限分别为10.7、13.3 μg/L;双波长叠加法的检出限为3.23 μg/L。本方法可应用于半胱氨酸护肝胶囊和酱油中半胱氨酸的含量测定,测定值的相对标准偏差（n＝6）均在3%以内,符合定量分析的要求。     

一种测定酱油曲中蛋白酶活力方法研究

以底物Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Leu-pNA(琥珀酰-丙氨酰-丙氨酰-脯氨酰-亮氨酰-对硝基苯胺)在蛋白酶催化下生成显色基团对硝基苯胺为基础,结合多功能酶标仪检测显色基团对硝基苯胺(pNA)含量,建立酱油曲中蛋白酶活力的新检测方法。在单因素试验的基础上,选定底物浓度、反应pH值、反应温度3个因素的3个水平进行中心组合试验,通过响应面分析得出酶活测定最优条件。结果表明,底物浓度、反应温度对酶活有显著影响,酶活测定的最佳条件为:底物浓度2.23mmol/mL,反应温度40.6℃,反应pH值为8.7。同时与GB/T23527-2009《蛋白酶活力的测定福林法》的方法进行了比对,新建立方法与国家标准方法检测结果具有显著相关性(R2=0.903)。     

中性蛋白酶对葵花分离蛋白水解作用的研究

利用中性蛋白酶对葵花分离蛋白进行水解,以水解度和氮溶指数为指标,考察了pH、温度、底物浓度、酶底比、酶解时间对水解效果的影响,确定了葵花分离蛋白的较佳水解条件:温度50℃,pH 7.5,底物浓度8%,酶底比3%,酶解时间4 h。同时,研究了不同水解时间下蛋白酶解产物的感观品质和功能性质。     

大豆分离蛋白重组蛋白酶水解肽对小鼠免疫功能及抗氧化能力的影响

为了研究重组酱油曲霉碱性蛋白酶(rAp)水解大豆分离蛋白获得的大豆肽对小鼠免疫功能及抗氧化能力的影响,将诱导表达后分离纯化的rAp对大豆分离蛋白进行水解,然后将水解液灌胃小白鼠,测定其水解液对小鼠免疫器官指数、小鼠血清溶菌酶活性和小鼠血清抗菌活力等对小鼠免疫功能的影响;通过测定谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性以及丙二醛(MDA)浓度等,进一步检测对小鼠血液中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)浓度的影响。结果表明,大豆肽对小鼠免疫器官指数没有显著影响,但可显著提高小鼠血清溶菌酶活性和小鼠血清抗菌活力;对小鼠血清中的GSH-PX的活力影响不显著,但能显著提高血清中的CAT活力和显著降低MDA浓度。由此可见,rAp水解大豆分离蛋白获得的大豆活性肽在一定程度上能增强小鼠机体的免疫功能和抗氧化活性,在保健品行业为大豆的高值化利用提供了实验依据。