乳制品中β-内酰胺酶快速检测方法的研究

利用Charm试剂盒建立快速检测β-内酰胺酶的方法,并以杯碟法作为比较,通过加标试验确定β-内酰胺酶在不同乳制品中的最低检出限,进而利用两种方法对样品进行检测,并以耐久性和耐热性试验研究样品存放时间和加热杀菌处理对β-内酰胺酶活性的影响。结果显示,β-内酰胺酶在快速检测法中的最低检出限为1.5×10-4～1.6×10-3U/mL（U/g）,而在杯碟法中则为2.0×10-5～1.6×10-4U/mL（U/g）,178份样品在两种方法中的β-内酰胺酶检出率相同,表明快速检测法具有与杯碟法相近的准确度与灵敏度。β-内酰胺酶的耐久性和耐热性试验表明,样品的存放时间对β-内酰胺酶的活性影响不大,但加热杀菌处理却明显地降低了β-内酰胺酶活性。      

进口乳制品中双氰胺对人类健康的风险概述

综述了进口乳制品中双氰胺对人类健康的风险。介绍了双氰胺的理化性质、应用情况、毒理作用、检测方法以及进入乳制品中可能的暴露途径,并提出风险管理措施的建议。      

High γ-aminobutyric acid production from lactic acid bacteria: Emphasis on Lactobacillus brevis as a functional dairy starter

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA-rich foods have shown anti-hypertensive and anti-depressant activities as the major functions in humans and animals. Hence, high GABA-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) could be used as functional starters for manufacturing novel fermented dairy foods. Glutamic acid decarboxylases (GADs) from LAB are highly conserved at the species level based on the phylogenetic tree of GADs from LAB. Moreover, two functionally distinct GADs and one intact gad operon were observed in all the completely sequenced Lactobacillus brevis strains suggesting its common capability to synthesize GABA. Difficulties and strategies for the manufacture of GABA-rich fermented dairy foods have been discussed and proposed, respectively. In addition, a genetic survey on the sequenced LAB strains demonstrated the absence of cell envelope proteinases in the majority of LAB including Lb. brevis, which diminishes their cell viabilities in milk environments due to their non-proteolytic nature. Thus, several strategies have been proposed to overcome the non-proteolytic nature of Lb. brevis in order to produce GABA-rich dairy foods.     

直接提取-超高压液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法检测原料奶及奶制品中的四环素类抗生素

目的 建立直接提取-超高压液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法(UPLC-ESIMS/MS)同时测定原料奶及奶粉中土霉素、四环素、金霉素、强力霉素4种四环素类药物的分析方法。方法 原料奶及奶粉样品经少量高氯酸沉淀蛋白、低温冷冻除脂后, 用C18色谱柱分离, 以0.1%甲酸水和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱, 电喷雾串联质谱正离子模式扫描, 多反应监测模式(MRM)检测, 外标法定量。结果 4种四环素族药物在1~1000 ng/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数r均在0.993以上。本方法的定量限为(S/N≥10)为原料奶5μg/kg, 奶粉25 μg/kg, 在10、50、100 μg/kg三个加标水平下, 加标回收率为73.4%~99.4%, 相对标准偏差为0.8%~14.3%(n≥6)。结论 该方法简便快速、灵敏可靠、经济有效, 适用于原料奶及奶粉中土霉素、四环素、金霉素和强力霉素4种四环素族药物残留的测定。     

乳及乳制品中生物活性肽的种类及功能多样性

综述了乳制品即发酵乳和干酪中生物活性肽的种类及生物活性肽的功能多样性，以期为乳源生物活性肽的开发及其在保健食品中的潜在应用提供一定的参考。     

The effect of zeolite A supplementation in the dry period on periparturient calcium,phosphorus, and magnesium homeostasis

One potential way of preventing parturient hypocalcemia in the dairy cow is to feed dry cow rations very low in calcium (<20 g/d); but, because it is difficult to formulate rations sufficiently low in calcium, this principle has been almost abandoned. Recent studies have shown, however, that it is possible to prevent milk fever, as well as subclinical hypocalcemia, by supplementing the dry cow ration with sodium aluminium silicate (zeolite A), which has the capacity to bind calcium. The aim of this study was to further evaluate the effect, if any, of such supplementation on other blood constituents, feed intake, and milk production in the subsequent lactation. A total of 31 pregnant dry cows about to enter their third or later lactation were assigned as experimental or control cows according to parity and expected date of calving. The experimental cows received 1.4 kg of zeolite pellets per d (0.7 kg of pure zeolite A) for the last 2 wk of pregnancy. Blood samples were drawn from all cows 1 wk before the expected date of calving, at calving, at d 1 and 2 after calving, and 1 wk after calving. Additionally, a urine sample was drawn 1 wk before the expected date of calving. Zeolite supplementation significantly increased the plasma calcium level on the day of calving, whereas plasma magnesium as well as inorganic phosphate was suppressed. Serum 1,25(OH)2D was significantly increased 1 wk before the expected date of calving among the experimental cows, whereas there was no difference in the urinary excretion of the bone metabolite deoxypyridinoline between the two groups. Feed intake was decreased among the zeolite-treated cows during the last 2 wk of pregnancy. No effect was observed on milk yield, milk fat, and milk protein in the subsequent lactation. The mechanisms and interactions involved in zeolite supplementation are discussed in relation to the observed improvement in parturient calcium homeostasis and to the observed depression in blood magnesium and inorganic phosphate.     

Metabolic effects in mice of cream formulation: Addition of both thickener and emulsifier does not alter lipid metabolism but modulates mucus cells and intestinal endoplasmic reticulum stress

Additives stabilize or improve the organoleptic or functional properties (or both) of many dairy products including whipping cream. Their influence on the metabolic effect of dairy cream is scarcely known. We tested the hypothesis that added emulsifier (lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides; MAG/DAG), thickener (carrageenan, CGN), or both, could modify the metabolic effect, notably in the intestine and liver. Nine-week-old male C57Bl/6J mice were fed UHT cream (indirect treatment) mixed with nonlipidic powder (final: 13% milkfat) for 1 or 4 wk. We compared creams (1) without additive (Ctl), (2) with thickener (Th), 0.02% of κ-CGN, and (3) with both thickener and emulsifier, 0.1% of MAG/DAG esters (Th/Em). We analyzed plasma parameters, intestine, and liver. Fasting glycemia, insulinemia, triglyceridemia, nonesterified fatty acids, body weight gain, and liver weight did not differ among groups. After 1 wk, Th/Em had higher expression in the duodenum of some of the genes involved in (1) intestinal lipid absorption and (2) tight junction proteins versus Ctl and Th. After 4 wk, mucus cell number in the small intestine was higher in Th/Em versus Ctl and Th. Genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the duodenum were more expressed in Th/Em after 1 wk. After 4 wk, in the colon, a higher expression of ER stress genes was observed for Th versus Th/Em and Ctl. Liver damage score was not altered by additives. Adding both CGN (0.02%) and MAG/DAG esters (0.1%) in dairy cream did not result in deleterious outcomes in mice after 4 wk regarding lipid metabolism, intestinal permeability, and liver disorders. The longer term effect of intestinal ER stress modulation deserves further investigation.     

Effect of intramammary Escherichia coli endotoxin in early- vs. late-lactating dairy cows

We investigated the differences in the effect of intramammarily infused endotoxin for cows in early (EL) and late (LL) lactation. In this crossover study, nine cows were challenged twice with 100 microg of intramammarily infused Escherichia coli 0111:B4 LPS, each cow serving its own control. Systemic and local signs were recorded throughout the experiment to assess the severity of each cow's response. Daily milk yield and indicators of inflammation in blood and milk were also recorded. The response was significantly more severe in the EL period. Before the challenge, milk yield and serum free fatty acid concentration were higher and serum urea concentration lower in EL compared with LL cows. No significant differences were present in other parameters. After the challenge, milk SCC and leukocyte function, measured as chemiluminescence, increased, more markedly in EL. Blood neutrophil content varied from neutropenia to neutrophilia. Simultaneously with neutropenia, the function of neutrophils increased in LL but decreased in EL. Serum cortisol peaked 4 h after challenge in both groups. In conclusion, endotoxin challenge resulted in more severe response in EL. During that time cows also had impaired neutrophil function postchallenge.     

内蒙古不同地区、不同畜种乳及乳制品中乳杆菌属细菌的分布

对采集呼伦贝尔市、巴彦淖尔盟及阿拉善盟牧民家庭的各类乳及乳制品样品中的乳酸杆菌进行了分离鉴定，以研究内蒙古不同地区、不同畜种乳样中乳酸菌的种类及分布情况：结果表明，不同地区、不同畜种乳样中乳酸杆菌的分布是有差异的，呼伦贝尔市以鼠李糖乳杆菌(24．1％)、戊糖乳杆菌(17.2％)、植物乳杆菌(13．8％)占优势；巴彦淖尔盟以植物乳杆菌(62.5％)、干酪乳杆菌(7.5％)和瑞士乳杆菌(7.5％)占优势；阿拉善盟以干酪乳杆菌(31．2％)和植物乳杆菌(25％)占优势。3个地区共有的菌株类型为植物乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌和弯曲乳杆菌。在内蒙古传统乳制品中，植物乳杆菌占绝对优势，占分离菌数的38．8％，其次是干酪乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌等。     

Anaerobic digestion of dairy manure influenced by the waste milk from milking operations

It is not uncommon that a significant amount of milk from milking operations is discharged to manure digesters on dairy farms. To understand the effect of milk on the digester performance, experiments using batch digesters (500-mL flasks) were carried out in this study to co-digest milk and dairy manure at different milk levels for biogas production and pollutant reduction, and a total of 8 treatments were examined [i.e., control (without milk) and 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, and 19% milk additions]. The temperature for all digesters was maintained at 37 ± 0.5°C throughout the experimental period, which was 28 d. The results showed that co-digesting milk with dairy manure could increase biogas productivity, with the percent cumulative biogas volume increased by 5.6, 16.3, 26.5, 40.8, 50.2, 79.9, and 103.8%, as compared with the control, for milk addition of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, and 19% (vol/vol), respectively. However, the CH₄ content in the biogas decreased slightly as the milk content increased (from 66.5% for the control to 63.5% for 19% milk treatment), implying that the added milk could promote CO₂ production. To avoid that, the milk content in the manure should be controlled below 3%. A linear relationship for the total biogas volume produced with the milk content in the manure was revealed, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. An improved removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand was observed for milk-treated digesters. Good linear regressions between the total biogas production and the percent chemical oxygen demand decrease and the substrate carbon/nitrogen ratio were also obtained (correlation coefficients: 0.93 and 0.99, respectively). Besides, co-digestion of dairy manure and milk was found to improve substrate solids breakdown, but had little effect on percent volatile fatty acid decrease. In summary, the waste milk co-digested with dairy manure may not cause negative effects on anaerobic digester performance.