城市增长边界控制模式研究——一个基于土地存量控制的分析框架

研究以土地存量概念为基础,构建一个理论框架,用于指导复杂外部环境下的城市增长边界控制。基于土地存量概念的城市增长边界控制方法主要包括时间驱动型和事件驱动型两种。在城市增长边界扩展的控制中,应当考虑到与存量相关的各项成本,主要包括保留成本、订购成本和缺损成本三大类;通过各项成本的比较,并结合考虑控制的目标、主要关注点,以及现实的技术条件和制度条件,进行合理的城市增长边界控制方式的选择和建构。从我国目前的发展状况看,在近期可以尝试借鉴时间驱动型的控制方法,而在远期可以尝试采用事件驱动型的控制方法。     

Two-staged guillotine cut,two-dimensional bin packing optimisation with flexible bin size for steel mother plate design

This paper looks into the steel mother plate design problem. A slab, which is an intermediate work in process, is subsequently rolled into a mother plate with the specific dimensions of thickness, length, and width. The mother plate is then cut into customer order plates. As a slab is rolled into a mother plate through a series of horizontal and vertical rolling processes, different-sized mother plates can be generated from a single-slab type. This flexibility allows for the size of a mother plate to be determined according to the order plates assigned to it. Furthermore, when the order plates are cut from a mother plate, a guillotine cut is required to reduce the production cost. The steel mother plate design problem involves the placing of order plates on the mother plates in a guillotine cut pattern and determining the sizes of the mother plates with the objective of minimising the number of slabs; thus it may be considered as a two-staged guillotine cut, two-dimensional bin packing problem with flexible bin size. This paper introduces the problem, presents several mathematical models, and proposes an iterative two-phase heuristic method consisting of several algorithms to solve the problem. Computational results for the benchmark problems show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Policy options towards an energy efficient residential building stock in the EU-27

The EU-27 residential building stock offers high potential for energy efficiency gains. The policies already in place or proposed to improve the energy efficiency and thus the environmental performance focus on new buildings and major renovations of existing buildings. However, there might be additional measures that could lead to further energy efficiency improvements. In particular, the installation of roofs or windows that show a high thermal efficiency outside major renovations offer a large improvement potential. In this study, the potential environmental and economic impacts of two types of such policy options were analysed: first, measures that require high energy efficiency standards when roofs or windows have to be replaced; and, second, measures that accelerate the replacement of building elements. The results suggest that the two policies offer the potential for substantial additional energy savings. In addition, the installation of energy efficient building elements comes at negative net cost. When the replacement of building elements is accelerated, however, the additional costs do not outweigh the energy cost savings.     

Uptake of energy efficiency interventions in English dwellings

Little detailed evidence has previously been available regarding the uptake rate or prevalence of energy efficiency interventions among specific household groups. This study uses the Home Energy Efficiency Database (HEED) to investigate both the combination of measures that have been installed, and in which dwellings, according to key neighbourhood socio-demographic variables, including income and tenure. Analysis of 2000–07 data indicates that approximately 40% (9.3 million) dwellings in England had approximately 23.7 million efficiency measures installed, with an average of 2.5 measures per dwelling. Building fabric-related measures were the most frequent (e.g. cavity wall insulation, loft insulation and glazing) with an average of 2.1 million installed each year. Dwellings with the highest number of fabric interventions (the top 20%) were more likely to be found in areas with low income, with more owner-occupied dwellings, experiencing lower winter temperatures, having a lower proportion of flats, and having a slightly higher proportion of older adults and children. Energy efficiency installations have tended to occur among specific types of households or parts of the building stock. These findings have implications for the design of future government programmes for targeting energy efficiency measures to specific household groups or dwelling types.     

企业经营者股权激励

论述了经营者股权激励出现的缘由以及国外股权激励主要形式，介绍、分析了我国现阶段企业经营者股权激励的现状并提出了若干建议。     

PVC多种原料路线并存有利于低御风险

国际环境对我国PVC生产有明显影响，尽管国内PVC需求在向1000万t/a发展，搞PVC新项目依然存在巨大风险，为减少风险，国家应鼓励多种原料路线长期共存。     

基于匀质条带的矩形件最优三块布局算法

为解决大规模矩形件布局问题,提出一种动态规划算法生成基于匀质条带的矩形件最优三块布局方式.这种算法将板材分为三个块,同一块中只包含方向和长度均相同的匀质条带.通过求解背包模型生成块中的条带最优布局,隐枚举的讨论所有可能尺寸的块,确定所有三决组合的布局价值,选择布局价值最大的一个组合作为最优解.通过文献中的测题,将该算法与经典两段布局算法和启发式布局算法TABU500进行比较.实验结果表明:该算法在计算时间和材料利用率两方面都有效,且生成的布局方式简化了下料切割工艺.     

Dynamics of urban and rural housing stocks in China

The massive migration flows from rural to urban areas in China, combined with an expected decline in the total population over the next decades, leads to two important challenges for China's housing: the growth of its urban housing stock and the shrinkage of rural housing. The rural and urban housing systems in China were analyzed using a dynamic material flow analysis model for the period 1900–2100 for several scenarios assuming different development paths for population, urbanization, housing demand per capita, and building lifetime. The simulation results indicate that new housing construction is likely to decline for several decades due to the fast growth over the past 30 years and the expected increased longevity of dwellings. Such an oscillation of new construction activity would have significant implications for the construction industry, employment, raw material demand, and greenhouse gas emissions to produce the construction materials. Policy and practical options for mitigating the negative impacts are considered.

Les flux migratoires massifs des zones rurales vers les zones urbaines en Chine, conjugués à un déclin prévu de la population totale au cours des prochaines décennies, entraînent deux défis importants pour le logement en Chine : la croissance de son parc de logements urbains et la diminution des logements ruraux. Les systèmes de logements ruraux et urbains en Chine ont été analysés en utilisant un modèle d'analyse dynamique des flux de matériaux sur la période 1900-2100 appliqué à plusieurs scénarios supposant différentes voies de développement concernant la population, l'urbanisation, la demande de logements par habitant et la durée de vie des bâtiments. Les résultats de la simulation indiquent qu'il est probable que la construction de logements neufs diminuera pendant plusieurs décennies en raison de la croissance rapide des 30 dernières années et de l'accroissement prévu de la durée de vie des logements. Une telle oscillation de l'activité de construction de logements neufs aurait d'importantes implications pour l'industrie du bâtiment, l'emploi, la demande en matières premières et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre résultant de la production des matériaux de construction. Les choix politiques et pratiques qui permettraient d'en atténuer les effets négatifs sont envisagés.

Mots clés: parcs de bâtiments, demande de constructions neuves, analyse dynamique des flux de matériaux, parc de logements, durée de vie, tendances, urbanisation, Chine     

Resilience to increasing temperatures: residential building stock adaptation through codes and standards

The resilience of the current Spanish residential building stock to increased temperatures is modelled. Homogenized daily temperature data recorded at 50 Spanish meteorological stations for the periods 1950–1979 and 1981–2010 were used to investigate anticipated climate warming on the Spanish residential building stock by means of the degree-day method. Impacts on residential buildings were investigated for three different future time periods (2011–2040, 2041–2070 and 2071–2100) for three representative Spanish provincial capitals. Future climate change scenarios comprising two statistical downscaling methods, three general circulation models and two carbon emission scenarios were used to project local climate. Results show that 72% of current residential building stock in Spain is thermally unprotected. In addition, the energy demand for heating the building sector in Spain is expected to decrease by between 30% (Barcelona, B2 scenario) and 36% (Valencia, A2 scenario) by 2100, while the respective energy demand for cooling could increase by between 107% (Valencia, B2 scenario) and 296% (Madrid, A2 scenario) by 2100. To increase resilience to higher winter and summer temperatures, strategies for modifying the built environment are needed, particularly for the role of building codes and standards.

La résilience du parc bâti résidentiel espagnol actuel face à l'augmentation des températures est modélisée. Les données homogénéisées des température journalières enregistrées dans 50 stations météorologiques espagnoles pour les périodes 1950–1979 et 1981–2010 ont été utilisées pour étudier le réchauffement climatique prévu sur le parc bâti résidentiel espagnol en utilisant la méthode des degrés-jours. Les répercussions sur les immeubles résidentiels ont été étudiées pour trois périodes futures différentes (2011–2040, 2041–2070 et 2071–2100) et pour trois capitales provinciales espagnoles représentatives. Il a été utilisé des scénarios de changement climatique futur comprenant deux méthodes de réduction d'échelle statistique, trois modèles de circulation générale et deux scénarios d'émission de carbone pour prévoir le climat local. Les résultats montrent que 72 % du parc bâti résidentiel actuel de l'Espagne est dépourvu de protection thermique. Il est en outre prévu que la demande énergétique liée au chauffage dans le secteur du logement en Espagne diminue de 30 % (Barcelone, scénario B2) à 36 % (Valence, scénario A2) d'ici à 2100, tandis que la demande énergétique respective liée à la climatisation pourrait augmenter de 107 % (Valence, scénario B2) à 296 % (Madrid, scénario A2) d'ici à 2100. Afin d'augmenter la résilience face à des températures hivernales et estivales plus élevées, il est nécessaire de disposer de stratégies de modification du cadre bâti, concernant en particulier le rôle des codes et des normes du bâtiment.

Mots clés: stratégies d'adaptation, performances des bâtiments, réglementation du bâtiment, parc bâti, changement climatique, degrés-jours, surchauffe, confort thermique, vulnérabilité, Espagne