浅谈建筑智能化

通过对智能化建筑含义的解释，阐述了智能建筑的现实意义，通过事例进一步说明了，作为一门新型的学科，建筑智能化在实际应用中有很广泛的发展前景，并对智能化建筑的管理提出了自己的观点，以便于在实际操作中借鉴。     

Selecting and assessing challenge problems

Abstract

Organisations conducting research programs often focus the work of their scientists and technologists on challenge problems (CPs). These challenges are designed to ensure that progress is measurable and relevant to the goals of the program sponsor. Generating and selecting pertinent CPs is difficult, as is assessing their value. We describe a method of generating and selecting CPs and its application in a highly collaborative, multi-organisation research program. Thirty-eight biologists, chemists, mathematicians and computer scientists across academic, commercial and government organisations generated and ranked their top choices from among 12 richly described candidate challenge problems. A ranked-choice voting formula was applied. Five CPs were highly scored; the remaining seven were distributed across a lower range of scores. The program sponsor subsequently directed researchers to address six CPs, including the elected five. Analysis of the rationales that participants offered for their CP rankings revealed four domain-independent dimensions of value: capability, speed, impact and synergy. These dimensions of value can help managers of interdisciplinary research programs systematically select a portfolio of CPs that will efficiently apply utilise resources towards program goals and facilitate measurement of scientific progress.     

Extended Process to Product Modeling (xPPM) for integrated and seamless IDM and MVD development

This paper proposes a new extended Process to Product Modeling (xPPM) method for integrated and seamless information delivery manual (IDM) and model view definition (MVD) development. Current IDM development typically uses Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) to represent a process map (PM). Exchange requirements (ERs) and functional parts (FPs) specify the information required when information is exchanged between different activities. A set of information requirements, specifically defined as a subset of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), is called an MVD. Currently however, PMs, ERs, FPs, and MVDs are developed as separate documents through independent development steps. Moreover, even though ERs and FPs are designed to be reused, tracking and reusing the ERs and FPs developed by others is practically impossible. The xPPM method is proposed to provide a tight connection between PMs, ERs, FPs, and MVDs and to improve the reusability of predefined ERs and FPs. The theoretical framework is based on the approach of the Georgia Tech Process to Product Modeling (GTPPM) to suit the IDM development process. An xPPM tool is developed, and the validity of xPPM is analyzed through the reproduction of existing IDMs and MVDs. The benefits and limitations of xPPM and lessons from the applicability tests are discussed.     

An adaptive color similarity function suitable for image segmentation and its numerical evaluation

In this article, we present an adaptive color similarity function defined in a modified hue‐saturation‐intensity color space, which can be used directly as a metric to obtain pixel‐wise segmentation of color images among other applications. The color information of every pixel is integrated as a unit by an adaptive similarity function thus avoiding color information scattering. As a direct application we present an efficient interactive, supervised color segmentation method with linear complexity respect to the number of pixels of the input image. The process has three steps: (1) Manual selection of few pixels in a sample of the color to be segmented. (2) Automatic generation of the so called color similarity image (CSI), which is a gray level image with all the gray level tonalities associated with the selected color. (3) Automatic threshold of the CSI to obtain the final segmentation. The proposed technique is direct, simple and computationally inexpensive. The evaluation of the efficiency of the color segmentation method is presented showing good performance in all cases of study. A comparative study is made between the behavior of the proposed method and two comparable segmentation techniques in color images using (1) the Euclidean metric of the a* and b* color channels rejecting L* and (2) a probabilistic approach on a* and b* in the CIE L*a*b* color space. Our testing system can be used either to explore the behavior of a similarity function (or metric) in different color spaces or to explore different metrics (or similarity functions) in the same color space. It was obtained from the results that the color parameters a* and b* are not independent of the luminance parameter L* as one might initially assume in the CIE L*a*b* color space. We show that our solution improves the quality of the proposed color segmentation technique and its quick result is significant with respect to other solutions found in the literature. The method also gives a good performance in low chromaticity, gray level and low contrast images. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 156–172, 2017     

创建和发展自然灾害摩擦学

回顾了自然灾害摩擦学孕育的历史背景，阐明其定义、研究对象、社会功能和主要任务。介绍这一新领域研究的主要进展，并提出今后的研究方向。     

Si晶片激光标识码制作技术的研究

Si片标识码在工艺加工管理中起重要作用.传统手写方式存在字体不美观、划痕深及硅渣污染等缺点.鉴于此,采用波长1060 nm光纤激光器进行激光标识码制作.研究中分别改变激光平均输出功率、脉冲频率及扫描速度,借助目视、金相显微镜及动态三维光学轮廓仪来观察标识码清晰程度、污染程度及深浅程度的变化,了解它们与上述参数间相互对应关系.重点解决清晰度与打标深度之间的矛盾,从而得到清晰、清洁且深度满足后续半导体纳米级加工工艺要求的激光标码技术.研究表明:低脉冲频率(20 kHz)下,随平均功率上升,标识码的清晰度逐渐增加,镜检结果显示硅渣的数量及其分布区域增大;高脉冲频率(90 kHz)下,平均功率增加对标识码清晰度的影响不明显,镜检结果没有发现硅渣.扫描频率与清晰度及污染程度成正比关系.扫描速度与打标深度呈反比关系.采用40％平均功率,25 kHz频率,1500 mm/s扫描速度及双线填充字体(TrueType)的工艺条件,所得标识码在目视及镜检下清晰美观,无硅渣污染.轮廓仪测量结果显示字迹深度及边缘凸起均在200 nm以下.经批量产品验证,根据研究成果所开发的工艺技术稳定且对后续工艺无不良影响.目前已取代手写方式.     

ASN_EZE: An Analgesic for Writers of ASN.1 Applications

Many programmers find that the logical structure of data defined in ASA.1 is simple enough, but the physical representation requires painfully careful attention to lots of detail. ASN.1 'compilers' which we had used required a programmer ot know the intricacies of both ASN.1 and the generated code. Furthermore those which generated 'C' code were prone to 'memory leaks' and produced bulky code. Two features of object orientiation led us to develop a code generator that procues 'C++'. First Class inheritance permits a small number of functions to operate on objects of any derived class. Second, the destructors of such objects can be designed to prevent memory leaks automatically. Our own use of the system shows that within a few days programmers withh no pair exposure to ASN.1 can start writing applications using only the ASN.1 specification for reference. The generated code is compact and well protected anainst memory leaks. This paper describes the capabilies of the code generator, the library of functions for handling all ASN.1 objects so generated, and the interior structure of these objects which allows the library functions to navigate any hierarchy. The las section discusses our experience in using the system.     

IEC61850目录服务的探讨与实现

目录和数据类型定义服务是IEC 61850提供的重要服务,这部分功能由报文制造规范（MMS）提供的映射服务无法直接完成,必须通过其他方法来帮助解决。分析了IEC 61850的目录和数据类型定义服务,以及MMS提供的相应服务。提出了几种可能的实现方式,比较了它们的优缺点。考虑到MMS关于命名变量的数据模型定义方式,最后提出了一种兼顾功能正确和运行效率的实现方式。     

汉代大赦考述两题

汉代大赦是一种法律效力极为宽泛的赦免形式,从整体情况而言,赦免执行力度很大,然亦有执行不力情况的存在;同时大赦已有很明确的制限,主要是针对谋反、纵反、大逆、不道等严重危害统治秩序的罪行而制定的,汉代大赦制度虽然论者已多,但是关于其法律效力、赦免对象的制限等关键性问题,仍然需要做进一步研究.