Nonaccumulation of Residues in Swine Tissue Following Extended Consumption of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets

Several tissues from 62 pigs fed deoxynivalertol (DON)-contamirtated diets (6.0–7.6 mg DON/kg feed) for periods of 3–7 wk were analyzed to determine if residues accumulated following extended ingestion of the toxin. In the liver, kidney and backfat samples analyzed, trace levels were found, measuring on average 3.0 ± 3.5, 5.0 ± 9.2, and 6.7 ± 9.6 ng DON/g wet tissue, respectively. Only 13% (24/186) of samples had more than 10 ng/g, and of these only two contained more than 50 ng/g. These results indicate that when pigs are fed DON-contaminated grains, residues do not appear to accumulate in tissues to any appreciable extent.     

Simple validated method for simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol,nivalenol, and their 3-β-D-glucosides in baby formula and Korean rice wine via HPLC-UV with immunoaffinity cleanup

A simple and reliable method for the simultaneous determination of major type B trichothecene mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV), along with their 3-β-d-glucosides (DON-3-glucoside (DON3G) and NIV-3-glucoside (NIV3G)) in baby formula and Korean rice wine was validated in the present study. The method was based on immunoaffinity cleanup followed by analysis using an HPLC-UV technique. The method was validated in-house for two matrices as follows: linearity (R² > 0.99) was established in the range of 20–1000 μg kg^–1; accuracy (expressed as recovery) ranged from 78.7 to 106.5% for all the analytes; good intermediate precision (relative standard deviation < 12%), and adequate detection and quantitation limits (< 4.4 and < 13.3 μg kg^–1, respectively) were achieved. Furthermore, the estimated measurement expanded uncertainty was determined to be 4–24%. The validated method was successfully applied to the analysis of 31 baby formulas and Korean rice wines marketed in Korea.     

高通量测序分析混合菌群中的呕吐毒素降解菌

为筛选具有降解脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）能力的微生物,利用高通量测序方法分析混合菌群中的DON降解菌。从土壤中获得具有DON降解能力的混合菌群LG-6,并发现不同梯度稀释倍数的混合菌群之间DON降解效果具有明显差异。稀释至10－7时混合菌群LG-6-7能完全降解DON,而稀释至10－8时混合菌群LG-6-8不能降解DON。对这2?个混合菌群的微生物多样性进行分析,发现混合菌群LG-6-7包括假苍白杆菌属、节细菌属、假单胞菌属、代尔夫特菌属和德沃斯氏菌属,而混合菌群LG-6-8包括假苍白杆菌属和节细菌属。故推测假单胞菌属、德沃斯氏菌属和代尔夫特菌属在降解DON的过程中必不可少。此外,假单胞菌B6-24和德沃斯氏菌A6-243混合培养时,48?h内完全降解DON。该混合菌群培养温度为37?℃、pH?7.0,培养基为MMT培养基,并发现该混合菌群是通过微生物代谢产生的酶对DON进行降解。本研究发现能完全降解DON的假单胞菌B6-24和德沃斯氏菌A6-243混合菌群,为呕吐毒素生物脱毒剂的研发提供一定理论依据。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的生物降解研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol)作为分布最广泛的镰刀霉毒素之一,不但给全球粮食产业造成巨大经济损失,也给人类健康带来潜在威胁。文中对清除脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的物理、化学和生物方法进行了综述,为在食品中有效控制其水平提供了思路。     

不同贮藏条件及加工处理后大麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇膳食风险评估

为探究不同贮藏条件及不同加工处理方式的大麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）膳食摄入风险,在不同温度（5、15、25、35℃）、相对湿度（55%、65%、75%、85%）条件下贮藏大麦180、270、360 d,以蒸制、煮制、发酵工艺进行加工后,通过酶联免疫法检测其DON含量,以点评估与概率评估法探究慢性与急性膳食DON摄入风险。结果表明,初始大麦中DON的每日估计摄入量为0.000 30～0.001 30 mg/kg、慢性风险评价指数为0.30～1.31,经过360 d贮藏后慢性风险评价指数最高增加0.63,对于食用人群存在32.7%的暴露风险,而国家估计短期摄入量为0.002 6～0.005 5 mg/kg,急性风险评价指数为0.33～0.69,不存在急性暴露风险。经过加工处理后,慢性风险评价指数由0.60～2.60降为0.17～2.34,急性风险评价指数最高可降低0.64。长期贮藏后的大麦中DON暴露量较高,存在一定的健康风险,而经加工处理后可有效降低风险,且儿童暴露风险大于成人,需重点关注。     

基于Getis-Ord Gi*方法的中山市粮食及其制品食品安全空间分析

目的研究中山市粮食及粮食制品的抽检结果和空间分布规律。方法应用Getis-Ord Gi*空间热点分析对中山市食品药品监督管理局公开发布的2015年1月1日至2018年11月9日粮食及粮食制品监督抽检数据进行分析。结果此期间中山市食品药品监督部门共完成1313批次"粮食及粮食制品"的监督抽检,合格率为97.94%,合格率最高的是生产环节(100%),其次为餐饮环节(98.79%),流通环节(97.39%)。空间热点分析结果显示存在以东北部镇区为核心的合格率"冷点区域"(Low)。结论中山市粮食及粮食制品抽检样本总体合格率较高,不合格批次较少,生产环节抽检样品全部合格,仅少部分小麦粉存在少量脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇超标等问题,反映出中山市粮食及粮食制品食品安全总体形势较好,监管工作效果显著。     

谷物中DON、ZEA毒素的净化、检测、 毒性与生物脱毒技术的研究

禾谷镰刀菌在侵染谷物过程中所产生的次生代谢产物——单端孢霉烯族毒素[脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(nivalenol, NIV)]以及玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEA)是世界上粮食安全的一个重大问题。毒素经固液萃取技术提取后, 需要通过净化处理才能进行检测与分析。目前有多种净化技术用于毒素的净化, 如免疫亲和柱、多功能净化柱等固相萃取柱等, 以及广泛使用且简便经济的QuEChERS前处理技术。本文还介绍了禾谷镰刀菌毒素中DON、ZEA的检测方法、产毒条件、毒性以及生物脱毒技术等方面的研究进展, 旨在开发与应用更安全、高效、经济的生物脱毒技术进行毒素的防御与去除, 以提供安全、优质的粮食与食品。     

Influence of inoculum and climatic factors on the severity of Fusarium head blight in German spring and winter barley

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of small cereals is a disease of global importance with regard to economic losses and mycotoxin contamination harmful to human and animal health. In Germany, FHB is predominantly associated with wheat and F. graminearum is recognised as the major causal agent of the disease, but little is known about FHB of barley. Monitoring of the natural occurrence of FHB on Bavarian barley revealed differences for individual Fusarium spp. in incidence and severity of grain infection between years and between spring and winter barley. Parallel measurement of fungal DNA content in grain and mycotoxin content suggested the importance of F. graminearum in winter barley and of F. langsethiae in spring barley for FHB. The infection success of these two species was associated with certain weather conditions and barley flowering time. Inoculation experiments in the field revealed different effects of five Fusarium spp. on symptom formation, grain yield and mycotoxin production. A significant association between fungal infection of grain and mycotoxin content was observed following natural or artificial infection with the type B trichothecene producer F. culmorum, but not with the type A trichothecene-producing species F. langsethiae and F. sporotrichioides. Trichothecene type A toxin contamination also occurred in the absence of significant damage to grain and did not necessarily promote fungal colonisation.     

液相色谱法和液质联用法检测玉米中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的比较

为了选择实验室准确检测脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的快速经济的方法,比较免疫亲和柱-高效液相色谱（HPLC）法和免疫亲和柱-液质联用（LC-MS）法检测脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇。结果表明,两种方法的线性关系均良好,R2=0.999 9;HPLC法、LC-MS外标法及内标法精密度试验结果相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为1.31%、1.20%及0.37%,回收率分别在80.77%～91.92%、108.71%～105.56%及113.48%～119.27%,精密度、回收率及重复性试验结果RSD均＜5%;HPLC法的定量限和检出限分别为76.82 μg/kg、23.05 μg/kg,LC-MS法的定量限和检出限分别为1.67 μg/kg、0.502 μg/kg,均低于国标给定标准。LC-MS法灵敏度高,检出限低,但在检测由本底样品时,容易造成假阳性,HPLC法的提取溶剂是水,LC-MS法提取溶剂是乙腈。综合分析,在均能满足实验要求情况下,HPLC法更简便、经济、环保,可作为实验室大批量检测的首选。