EU legislation on cereal safety: An update with a focus on mycotoxins

Cereals are still by far the world's most important source of food, both for direct human consumption and indirectly, as inputs to livestock production. FAO's latest forecast for world cereal production in 2011 stands at nearly 2313 million tonnes. Total EU-27 grain production forecast was 283 and 272 million tonnes for 2011 and 2012, respectively. Cereal contamination has an important impact on human and animal health. The European Union has established the most comprehensive regulations for food and cereal safety to facilitate world trade and protect consumer health. This paper reviews the existing legislation associated with cereal safety, with a focus on mycotoxin contamination. Regulations and Directives were classified into the following topics: general food legislative framework, official controls (sampling and analysis), maximum levels for contaminants, prevention and reduction. To give the reader a rapid first approach to the topic of his interest, a synoptical presentation of all laws related to the above-mentioned topics is given, and the main points of each law, cited in conjunction with its effect on previous laws (repeal, modification, amendments, replacement, related acts), are reported in tables. Moreover, data regarding the worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals were reported.     

去除脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇乳酸菌的筛选及其作用条件

为了探讨乳酸菌对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)的脱毒效果,本文利用腌鱼、泡菜、酸马奶中分离得到的乳酸菌,采用共培养的方式,旨在筛选出一株能够高效去除DON的乳酸菌,并对菌体浓度、反应温度、pH进行了研究,同时测定了该乳酸菌对DON的耐受能力。结果表明,从150多株乳酸菌中筛选得到了一株对DON有较高去除能力的副干酪乳杆菌,当菌体浓度达到10¹⁰ CFU/mL以上,反应温度为37℃,pH为7时,去除率为40.4%。且副干酪乳杆菌对DON有一定的耐受能力,中低浓度(0~50 μg/mL)的DON几乎不影响乳酸菌的生长,其为应用于饲料以及谷物中霉菌毒素的脱毒提供了依据。     

Effects of Milling and Cooking Processes on the Deoxynivalenol Content in Wheat

Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) is a natural-occuring mycotoxin mainly produced by Fusarium graminearum, a food-borne fungi widely distributed in crops and it is one of the most important mycotoxins in wheat and wheat-based foods and feeds. DON affects animal and human health causing diarrhea, vomiting, gastro-intestinal inflammation, and immunomodulation. Since the rate of the occurrence of DON in wheat is high, effective procedures to remove or eliminate DON from food products is essential to minimize exposures in those who consume large amounts of wheat. Cleaning prior to milling reduced to some extent the concentration of DON in final products. Since DON is distributed throughout the kernels, with higher content in the outer skin, milling is also effective in reducing the DON levels of wheat-based foods if bran and shorts are removed before thermal cooking. DON is water-soluble and cooking with larger amounts of water lowers DON content in products such as spaghetti and noodles. During baking or heating, DON is partially degraded to DON-related chemicals, whose toxicological effects are not studied well. This paper reviews the researches on the effects of milling and cooking on the DON level and discusses the perspectives of further studies.     

脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇（呕吐毒素）酶标抗原的合成及免疫抗体的制备

利用琥珀酸酐法合成了脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇-琥珀酸酐衍生物(3-HS-DON),并用DCC法将该衍生物与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)偶联得到的结合物(DON-HS-BSA)作为免疫抗原免疫新西兰大白兔,获得效价为1∶10000的特异性抗脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇(DON)的抗体。同时,用EDC法将3-HS-DON与辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)偶联得到酶标抗原(DON-HS-HRP)。通过圆二色光谱(CD)看到偶联后蛋白二级结构发生了改变,酶活稍有下降;用分光光度法测得酶标抗原酶活损失<5%,偶联物中DON与HRP的结合比为5.29。说明:该酶偶联物及制备的抗体可作为酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)或免疫传感器法测试脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇时所需的酶标抗原及抗体。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)是单端孢霉烯族化合物,是镰刀菌产生的次级代谢产物。DON存在于农作物以及食品和饲料中,世界上许多地区都有DON毒素的检出报道。由于其具有较强毒性,不仅对农业经济造成严重的损失,而且严重威胁人类和动物的健康,引起一系列不良反应例如呕吐、腹泻、胃肠道出血等。本文从DON的毒性作用、检出量、影响DON含量的因素、降解方法四方面进行综述。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的前处理及检测方法研究进展

小麦和谷物制品作为我国餐桌上的主要饮食,常受到各种真菌的污染并产生毒素.尤其是脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON),属B型单端孢霉烯族化合物,主要由镰刀菌在侵染小麦等禾谷类作物或者贮存的过程中产生,温润的环境更促使DON的产生,具有细胞毒性和致癌性,影响人和动物的健康.目前从国家市场监督管理网站等...     

比重分级对小麦粉及海绵蛋糕品质的影响

研究比重分级对小麦粉及海绵蛋糕品质的影响.将比重分级后的轻麦、重麦与分级前的原麦碾磨制粉后制作蛋糕,比较分析小麦籽粒、小麦粉和蛋糕品质.研究结果表明:比重分级后重麦较原麦的不完善粒率下降22.10％,小麦粉的面筋指数增高6.88％,湿面筋含量增高9.22％,降落数值增加15.19％,面团稳定时间增加0.97 min,面...     

固相萃取柱净化-高效液相色谱法测定小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇

建立固相萃取-高效液相色谱对小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）进行测定的方法。从提取溶剂、净化方式、流动相组成以及流动相流速等条件优化DON检测方法。结果表明,当样品提取溶剂为乙腈-水（84∶16,V/V）,Bond Elut Mycotoxin固相萃取柱净化,流动相组成为乙腈-水（6∶94,V/V）,流速为0.9 mL/min时,DON检测结果最好,该检测方法的DON回收率达到90.12%～106.25%,日内和日间相对标准偏差分别为4.51%和6.12%。该方法快速、准确,重复性好,稳定性高,适合DON污染小麦样品的大批量检测。     

The study of deoxynivalenol and its masked metabolites fate during the brewing process realised by UPLC–TOFMS method

The co-occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-Glc) has been recently reported in malt and beer. In this study, the concentration changes were monitored within the brewing process of four beer brands: light, dark tap and two lagers, produced from ground malt mixtures differing in composition, and also mycotoxins content. A simple and rapid method employing DON-dedicated immunoaffinity columns (IAC) for the selective pre-concentration, followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC–TOFMS) system for the reliable quantification at (ultra)trace levels, was validated for all experimental matrices. The results document the key role of the malt contamination nature. While in the first monitoring period a significant increase of both DON and DON-3-Glc occurred (up to 250% and 450%, respectively), fairly different trends were observed when new malts were used for identical technological processing (in some beers a decrease of DON and only a small increase of DON-3-Glc occurred). Worth noticing, that the outcome of the brewing process was surprisingly reproducible for a particular malt mixture. In the final phase, a small monitoring study comparing Czech and Austrian alcohol-free and conventional beers was carried out.     

婴幼儿谷类辅助食品加工工艺对其脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及衍生物影响

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)是由镰刀菌在侵染小麦等禾谷类作物过程中产生的一种有毒次级代谢产物,主要污染小麦、大麦、燕麦、黑麦和玉米等谷物。DON在植物和微生物作用下会转化形成各种衍生物,且这些衍生物可与DON原型同时存在,增加了谷物及其相关制品的安全风险。谷类辅食是婴幼儿膳食中的重要组成部分,且婴幼儿对毒素的敏感性更强,应严格限制DON及其衍生物在谷类辅食中被检出。已有研究表明谷物类食品的制作加工方式会对DON及其衍生物的含量水平产生影响,但专门针对婴幼儿消费人群的谷类辅助食品的加工过程如何影响DON及其衍生物水平还鲜有报道。目前婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中DON及其衍生物含量存在超标问题,严重影响婴幼儿这类特殊人群的生长发育和健康。本文从婴幼儿谷类辅食中DON及其衍生物的污染状况及其在加工过程中的含量变化等方面进行较为详细的阐述,以期为婴幼儿谷类辅食中DON的风险评估及防控策略的制定提供有利参考。