Contamination of food samples from Malaysia with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and estimation of human intake

A total of 126 food samples, categorised into three groups (seafood and seafood products, meat and meat products, as well as milk and dairy products) from Malaysia were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The concentration of PCDD/Fs that ranged from 0.16 to 0.25 pg WHO₀₅-TEQ g^?1 fw was found in these samples. According to the food consumption data from the Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS) of the World Health Organization (WHO), the dietary exposures to PCDD/F from seafood and seafood products, meat and meat products, as well as milk and dairy products for the general population in Malaysia were 0.064, 0.183 and 0.736 pg WHO₀₅-TEQ kg^?1 bw day^?1, respectively. However, the exposure was higher in seafood and seafood products (0.415 pg WHO₀₅-TEQ kg^?1 bw day^?1) and meat and meat products (0.317 pg WHO₀₅-TEQ kg^?1 bw day^?1) when the data were estimated using the Malaysian food consumption statistics. The lower exposure was observed in dairy products with an estimation of 0.365 pg WHO₀₅-TEQ kg^?1 bw day^?1. Overall, these dietary exposure estimates were much lower than the tolerable daily intake (TDI) as recommended by WHO. Thus, it is suggested that the dietary exposure to PCDD/F does not represent a risk for human health in Malaysia.     

Determination of multi-class pesticide residue in dietary supplements from grape seed extracts by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

A new method was developed and validated for the determination of multi-class pesticide residues in nutraceutical products obtained from grape seed extracts. The extraction procedure was based on QuEChERS methodology using ethyl acetate as solvent and a dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) clean-up stage with C₁₈ was included to minimise matrix effects. Pesticides determination was achieved using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS); total running time was 11 min. Pesticides were quantified using matrix-matched calibration. The developed method was validated in terms of matrix effect, linearity, selectivity, limits of detection and quantification, trueness, repeatability and inter-day precision at three concentration levels (10, 50, 100 µg kg^?1). Suitable recovery values were obtained for 76% of analysed pesticides at the lowest concentration (10 µg kg^?1). For most of the compounds, relative standard deviation values were lower than 20% and 25% for intra- and inter-day precision, respectively. Finally, 106 pesticides were determined, and the method was applied to seven dietary supplements from grape seed extract, obtaining various positive results for piperonyl butoxide, cyromazine and diniconazole at concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 13.4 µg kg^?1.     

Estimation of the intake of phenol compounds from virgin olive oil of a population from southern Spain

The objective of the study was to determine the mean polyphenol composition of different varieties of virgin olive oil (VOO) habitually consumed in the region of southern Spain and to estimate the dietary exposure to olive oil polyphenols in that population. There were statistically significant differences in total polyphenols among varieties, with the Picual variety containing the largest amount with a mean value of 591.8 mg kg^–1. The main phenolic compounds found in the VOOs under study were tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol. The highest amounts of both substances were found in Picual olive oils with concentrations of 2.3–6.6 mg kg^?1. The total intake of polyphenols from VOO ranged between 8.2 mg day^–1 (SD = 4.14) for the under 19 year olds and 21.3 mg day^–1 (SD = 3) for the over 50 year olds. Some polyphenols, including tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, were consumed principally as olive oil. The intake of these compounds in the studied population was in the range of 88.5–237.4 μg day^–1. This has particular importance as recent studies have demonstrated that hydroxytyrosol helps to improve plasma lipids levels and repair oxidative damage related to cardiovascular disease. There was a greater dietary consumption of polyphenols in olive oil among the participants who more closely followed the Mediterranean diet pattern. A higher consumption of olive oil and therefore a greater exposure to polyphenols was observed in females versus males and in participants of normal weight versus those who were overweight. The total intake of polyphenols from VOO significantly increased with higher age, reflecting the greater intake of this oil by older people, who also show a closer adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The over 50-year-old age group showed the greatest consumption of this olive oil and therefore of phenolic compounds, which are healthy protectors in the human diet that contribute to the acknowledged benefits of the Mediterranean diet.     

Establishing a food list for a Total Diet Study: how does food consumption of specific subpopulations need to be considered?

A Total Diet Study (TDS) consists of selecting, collecting and analysing commonly consumed foods to obtain concentration data of different chemical compounds in foods as eaten. A TDS food list summarises the most consumed foods and represents the dietary habits of the general population of the country under study. The work reported here investigated whether TDS food lists that were initially designed for the whole population of the country under study also sufficiently cover the dietary pattern of specific subpopulations that are extra vulnerable for certain contaminants. The work was performed using data of three European countries: the Czech Republic, France and the UK. Each national food consumption database was combined with the corresponding national TDS food list (containing 336, 212 and 119 food items for the Czech Republic, France and the UK, respectively). The data were aggregated on the highest level of hierarchy of FoodEx-1, a pan-European food classification system, including 20 main FoodEx-1 groups. For the group ‘milk and dairy products’, the coverage of the consumption by the food list was investigated for more refined subgroups. For each food group or subgroup and country, the average percentage of coverage of the diet by the national TDS food list was calculated for different subpopulations, including children versus adults, women versus men, vegetarians versus non-vegetarians, and women of child-bearing age versus older women. The average diet of the different subpopulations was sufficiently covered by the food list of the Czech Republic and France. For the UK the average coverage was low due to a different food-coding approach and because food lists were not derived directly from national food consumption data. At the level of the 20 main food groups, differences between the subpopulations with respect to the average coverage of consumption by the TDS food list were minimal. The differences were more pronounced when looking in detail at the coverage of the dairy consumption. TDS food lists based on the mean consumption of the general population are also applicable to study the chemical exposure of different subpopulations, e.g. children, women of child-bearing age and vegetarians. This lowers the effort when performing a TDS.     

某部推进剂作业人员膳食营养素摄入状况调查

目的：了解某部推进剂作业人员的膳食情况,并对其食物构成、营养素含量进行分析,以指导推进剂作业人员合理膳食、改善营养状况、提高机体抵抗力.方法：选取某部南、北方两个伙食单位,采用称重法进行连续5d的膳食调查.结果：推进剂作业人员脂肪类食物摄入过多,谷物类摄入偏少;能量、蛋白质、尼克酸摄入量接近军标;维生素E、维生素C、铁、硒摄入量超过军标;维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、钙、锌摄入量不足,均未达军标.结论：推进剂作业人员膳食结构不合理,呈现高脂肪、低碳水化合物的膳食趋势;同时存在某些营养素超标而另一些营养素缺乏的现象.应减少脂肪摄入,增加蔬菜、水果、牛奶、海产品、豆类及制品的摄入,合理调整膳食结构.     

玉米皮膳食纤维对反式脂肪酸致高脂血症小鼠脂代谢的影响

研究玉米皮膳食纤维对反式脂肪酸所致小鼠高脂血症的影响。采用反式脂肪酸饲料诱导建立小鼠高脂血症模型,分别给予低、中、高三种剂量3种玉米皮膳食纤维（水溶性、水不溶性/水溶性、水不溶性）。反式脂肪酸的摄入导致小鼠体质量、血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇等指数显著增加（p <0.01）,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著降低（p <0.01）。玉米皮膳食纤维干预能够降低小鼠高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量,提高小鼠体质量、血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、等指数,且高剂量SDF/IDF=1∶3的玉米皮膳食纤维干预组以上指标与反式脂肪酸组对比,差异均非常显著（p <0.01）,效果最好。     

海南产即溶咖啡粉中丙烯酰胺的膳食暴露风险评估

目的 开展海南即溶咖啡粉中丙烯酰胺的膳食暴露风险评估, 为咖啡粉质量安全的监管提供技术支撑。方法 采用食品安全风险评估的一般步骤: 危害识别、危害特征描述、膳食暴露评估、风险特征描述, 对海南即溶咖啡粉中的丙烯酰胺进行膳食暴露风险评估。结果 各年龄段居民的理论暴露量均低于其理论每日允许摄入量。结论 海南产即溶咖啡粉中的丙烯酰胺不会对消费者身体健康产生危害, 不必进入风险管理程序。     

孕中晚期女性能量摄入及营养状况调查分析

目的:了解孕期女性在怀孕期间能量及各种营养素的摄入水平,为进一步针对孕期营养指导和干预提供科学依据。方法:在北京医院产科常规查体的孕妇从建档开始分别在孕22w、26w、30w、36w进行为期3d的饮食记录,计算出三大营养素的供能比、各种主要营养素的摄入水平及其占推荐摄入量RNI的百分比。结果:三大营养素供能比例不合理,钙、锌等摄入存在不同程度不足;铁及维生素类摄入量达到推荐量标准。结论:孕妇膳食营养结构不合理,需加强孕期教育。     

杂豆膳食纤维对糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用

目的：探讨不同剂量杂豆（芸豆、黑豆、绿豆（1∶1∶1,m/m））膳食纤维对糖尿病大鼠的降血糖效果。 方法：糖尿病大鼠模型通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素溶液（150 mg/kg）构建,建模成功后,连续灌胃给予杂豆膳食 纤维42 d,测定各组大鼠体质量、空腹血糖值、胰腺/体质量和血清中肝糖原、胰岛素及糖化血清蛋白含量,并取 胰脏组织制作苏木精-伊红染色病理学切片进行观察。结果：与模型组大鼠相比,除低剂量杂豆膳食纤维组外, 其余各灌胃剂量组大鼠体质量均极显著升高（P＜0.01）;低剂量杂豆膳食纤维组较模型组空腹血糖值显著下 降（P＜0.05）,中、高剂量杂豆膳食纤维组及格列本脲组大鼠空腹血糖值均较模型组极显著下降（P＜0.01）;各 灌胃剂量组大鼠胰腺/体质量均较模型组大鼠不同程度升高,格列本脲组及中、高剂量杂豆膳食纤维组大鼠胰腺/体 质量较模型组大鼠显著升高（P＜0.05）;各灌胃剂量组大鼠肝糖原及胰岛素含量均较模型组大鼠不同程度上升, 糖化血清蛋白含量均不同程度下降,且通过胰腺组织病理学切片观察得知,各灌胃剂量组大鼠胰腺组织损伤程度明 显减轻,胰岛细胞数目增多,且细胞水肿变形程度减轻。结论：杂豆膳食纤维可降低糖尿病模型大鼠的血糖含量且 可改善糖尿病对大鼠胰腺的损伤情况。