欧洲立法与欧洲标准联接的桥梁——谈欧洲“新方法”下的“委托书”制度

欧盟委托书制度的产生是基于1985年欧盟理事会批准的《关于技术协调与标准新方法决议》。该决议明确规定,欧盟理事会和欧盟委员会负责制定涉及健康、安全等方面的"基本要求",而满足这些"基本要求"的技术标准任务则委托给欧洲标准化组织完成。欧盟委员会与欧洲标准化组织之间的关系依据的是"委托书"制度,可以说,"委托书"是欧洲立法与欧洲标准联接的桥梁和纽带。本文概述了委托书的基本概念、类型、内容等,阐述了委托书的桥梁和纽带作用。     

欧共体承压设备指令(97/23/EC)简介

简要介绍欧共体承压设备指令（97／23／EC简称PED）CE标志认证的主要内容及企业执行认证需要完成的主要工作。     

Transposition of the EU cogeneration directive: A vision for Portugal

The potential for new, small-scale and micro-cogeneration installations in Portugal is very considerable due to the number of potential host buildings. In this work, we discuss the legal framework of the Portuguese energy market, and some modifications to accommodate the Directive, 2004/8/EC are stressed. A practical case of cogeneration is also presented, showing the application of the Annex III (b) and (c) of the Cogeneration Directive. The practical case presented shows that micro CHP can be considered highly efficient, with parameters calculated with the Directive rules. Two main improvements in Portugal's energy policy are important: improvement on the permission to access grid system and improvement on support mechanisms indexing it to PES. The Cogeneration Directive transposition is an excellent opportunity to induce a less restrictive framework for the installation of new cogeneration systems, reducing the technological barriers, namely allowing medium-voltage connection with the grid, and improving the revenues provided from these small cogeneration systems. These modifications can improve significantly the number of potential hosts for small-scale cogeneration systems.     

欧盟包装和包装废弃物法令有害重金属限量评析

阐述了欧盟包装法令关于有害重金属限量的规定,对包装产品有害重金属含量检测结果进行了分析,指出了不合格包装产品的主要原因,提出了尽快研发环保型包装材料、加强包装产品有害重金属、禁用偶氮染料、甲醛、臭氧层消耗物质等环保项目检测的建议.     

太赫兹双频缝隙贴片天线的设计

提出了一种工作在太赫兹频段的双频缝隙贴片天线。在天线辐射贴片上加载“C”、“E”型辐射缝隙,改变天线表面电流的路径来实现双频特性。通过HFSS 15.0仿真软件对天线模型进行仿真,天线可以同时在300 GHz(291～306 GHz)和640 GHz(632～656 GHz)的频段下工作,最大增益达到了7.38 dB和10.50 dB。该双频天线结构简单,各项性能指标稳定,对于工作在太赫兹频段上的通信系统和无线传输系统具有一定的应用价值。     

欧盟电动汽车技术法规研究

从电动汽车的电气安全、电磁兼容、刹车要求、乘员保护等方面,围绕EC指令和ECE法规的修订工作,全面阐述了欧盟关于电动汽车的技术要求,总结了相关技术法规的修订和起草现状,给出了欧盟电动汽车相关技术立法的阶段性发展趋势。     

一种基于小波多分辨率分解的图像融合新算法

提出了一种新的基于小波多分辨率分解的图像融合方法。该方法先利用小波变换将图像分解为不同分辨率、不同方向的分量,然后利用方向对比度和基于区域标准差最大化的融合规则得到融合图像的小波系数;最后通过逆小波变换得到融合图像。实验结果表明,本方法是十分有效的。     

Seasonal Water Level Manipulation for Flood Risk Management Influences Home‐Range Size of Common Bream Abramis brama L. in a Lowland River

The increased threat of flooding from climate change requires ever greater management of rivers to alleviate flood risk. Although the impacts of river modification on fish communities are well documented, the effects of river management practices on fish behaviour have received relatively little attention. Here, a long‐term (4 years) acoustic telemetry study was used to analyse the spatial–temporal behaviour of common bream in a lowland river system (River Witham, Lincolnshire, UK) in which water levels are artificially manipulated biannually as part of a flood storage strategy. Levels are lowered in the autumn and increased again in the spring, to increase in‐river winter flood storage capacity. Home‐range size varied according to season, with home ranges being larger in the spring and summer months in comparison with those recorded during the autumn and winter months. When water levels within the river system were artificially manipulated, the bream responded by altering their home‐range size, increasing it after the levels had been raised and reducing it following the lowering of the river levels. This is in contrast to the cumulative overall distances bream were recorded to travel, which were unaffected by water level manipulation, suggesting water level manipulation did not affect activity levels. Although such changes in behaviour do not necessarily equate to a negative impact on fitness, reduced home‐range size brought about by water level manipulation does have implications for habitat availability and the number of competitive, predatory and parasitic interactions encountered. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于离散余弦变换的多聚焦图像融合

文章根据可见光多聚焦图像的成像机理,提出了基于离散余弦变换的融合算法。该方法先利用DCT将图像分解为不同空间频率的分量,然后利用方向对比度的融合规则得到融合图像的DCT域矩阵,最后通过DCT逆变换得到融合图像。实验结果表明,该算法可以有效综合多聚焦图像,从而得到同一场景中所有物体都清晰的图像。与小波融合算法相比,融合后的图像质量都很好,但计算时间缩短了。     

Integrative socio‐economic planning of measures in the context of the water framework directive

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) constitutes a milestone for the protection of aquatic ecosystems. With respect to the challenging objectives of the WFD and the connected financial burdens, which may possibly exceed the capabilities of some regions, it is essential to establish a targeted and integrated view of the economic aspects, which are applicable within the implementation process of the WFD. This is necessary to provide for a sustainable and acceptable implementation of the WFD with regard to the affected parties. However up to now there are many undefined legal concepts and few specific procedural developments, which often do not correspond to the required interdisciplinary and practical approach but are based on complex scientific methods. Hence the purpose of the present article should consist in providing an approach for the integration of the different economic aspects of the WFD in the establishment of the programme of measures and for the concretisation of the river basin specific environmental objectives to be reached.