The Causes and Potential Injurious Effects of Elevated Serum Leptin Levels in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Leptin is an adipokine that regulates appetite and body mass and has many other pleiotropic functions, including regulating kidney function. Increased evidence shows that chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with hyperleptinemia, but the reasons for this phenomenon are not fully understood. In this review, we focused on potential causes of hyperleptinemia in patients with CKD and the effects of elevated serum leptin levels on patient kidney function and cardiovascular risk. The available data indicate that the increased concentration of leptin in the blood of CKD patients may result from both decreased leptin elimination from the circulation by the kidneys (due to renal dysfunction) and increased leptin production by the adipose tissue. The overproduction of leptin by the adipose tissue could result from: (a) hyperinsulinemia; (b) chronic inflammation; and (c) significant lipid disturbances in CKD patients. Elevated leptin in CKD patients may further deteriorate kidney function and lead to increased cardiovascular risk.     

Different Expression of Mitochondrial and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Genes in Epicardial Adipose Tissue Depends on Coronary Atherosclerosis

The aim of our study was to analyze mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) gene expression profiles in subcutaneous (SAT) and epicardial (EAT) adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and myocardium in patients with and without CAD undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Thirty-eight patients, 27 with (CAD group) and 11 without CAD (noCAD group), undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valvular surgery were included in the study. EAT, SAT, intercostal skeletal muscle, and right atrium tissue and blood samples were collected at the start and end of surgery; mRNA expression of selected mitochondrial and ER stress genes was assessed using qRT-PCR. The presence of CAD was associated with decreased mRNA expression of most of the investigated mitochondrial respiratory chain genes in EAT, while no such changes were seen in SAT or other tissues. In contrast, the expression of ER stress genes did not differ between the CAD and noCAD groups in almost any tissue. Cardiac surgery further augmented mitochondrial dysfunction in EAT. In our study, CAD was associated with decreased expression of mitochondrial, but not endoplasmic reticulum stress genes in EAT. These changes may contribute to the acceleration of coronary atherosclerosis.     

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Oat Beta-Glucans in a Crohn’s Disease Model: Time- and Molar Mass-Dependent Effects

Background: The incidence of Crohn’s disease (CD) is increasing worldwide, and it has currently become a serious public health issue in society. The treatment of CD continues throughout a patient’s lifetime, and therefore, it is necessary to develop new, effective treatment methods, including dietotherapy. The present study aimed to determine the effects of consumption of oat beta-glucans with different molar mass on colon inflammation (colitis) in the early stages of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced CD in an animal model. Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats (control and TNBS-induced CD) were divided into three dietary groups and fed for 3 days (reflecting acute inflammation) or 7 days (reflecting remission) with a feed containing 1% low (βGl) or high (βGh) molar mass oat beta-glucan or a feed without this polysaccharide. The level of colon inflammatory markers and the expression of cytokines and their receptor genes were measured by ELISA and RT-PCR methods, respectively. Results: Acute inflammation or remission (3 or 7 days after TNBS administration, respectively) stages of experimentally induced CD were characterized by an increase in the level of inflammatory markers (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, CRP, MPO, COX, and PGE2) and the disruption of some cytokine signaling pathways as well as macro- and microscopic changes of colon tissue. The consumption of oat beta-glucans reduced the level of inflammatory markers and recovered the signaling pathways and histological changes, with stronger effects of βGl after 7 days of colitis. Conclusions: Dietary oat beta-glucans can reduce colitis at the molecular and organ level and accelerate CD remission.     

Thai Tea Seed Oil and Virgin Olive Oil Similarly Reduce Plasma Lipids: A Pilot Study within a Healthy Adult Male Population

The potential cardiovascular benefit of virgin olive oil (VOO) is widely recognized. However, the use of VOO at very high cooking temperatures makes these oils poorly suited for many Asian dishes. The use of tea seed oil (TSO) is increasing in Thailand, with TSO having a higher smoke point than VOO. The current study examines the effects of daily TSO intake in healthy adults. In a randomized, single-blind crossover design, 12 men consumed for 3 weeks 40 g day⁻¹ of food prepared with either TSO or VOO as a cooking oil. Plasma lipids, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and oxidant defense enzyme activities are measured before and after each 3-week intervention period. Gas chromatography analysis of TSO and VOO demonstrates that both oils are equally high in monounsaturated fatty acid. The dietary incorporation of TSO and VOO for three weeks reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations by 15% and 13%, respectively; with total cholesterol (TC) levels lowered by 10% in both groups. No significant changes in TBARS or antioxidant enzyme activity is observed. These results support the concept that Thai TSO can be utilized as a suitable and healthy alternative oil for high-temperature cooking in many Thai and Asian diets. Practical Applications: Tea seed oil from Camellia oleifera grown in Thailand has been recently reported to favorably lower lipid profiles in hamsters fed a high-fat diet in a manner similar to feeding refined olive oil or grapeseed oil. A pilot crossover trial is conducted to compare the effects of three weeks of daily intake of either TSO or VOO in healthy human adults. Consumption of both oils produced significant reductions in TC and LDL-C. Thai TSO leads to favorable lipid profiles and is a reasonable choice for many Thai and Asian food recipes.     

普通中央空调防范疾病传播的措施

指出普通中央空调在防范空气类传播疾病时 ,存有缺陷 ,必须采取有效措施 ,对其进行适当改进 ,以提高中央空调在使用中防范疾病传播的能力     

口蹄疫病毒WFL株2C-P3-3′NCR片段的克隆及适于设计siRNA的序列分析

目的筛选出口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)基因组上适于设计siRNA的基因片段。方法以FMDV WFL株RNA为模板,用3′RACE法扩增出2C-P3-3′NCR序列,将PCR扩增片段克隆到pMD18-T载体上,转化E.coli DH5α,筛选阳性重组子,进行序列测定,并与参考毒株序列比较。结果扩增的基因片段大小为4033bp,其2C、P3和3′NCR序列的核苷酸序列与参考毒株的同源性分别为87·11%～94·23%、84·91%～96·66%和66·98%～82·35%,2C和P3与参考毒株的氨基酸同源性分别为94·97%～99·39%和91·84%～98·55%,WFL株P3基因的第1150～1270、1680～1840和2080～2490bp以及2C基因的第354～470bp范围内与参考毒株具有高度保守的特性。因此,可以依据siRNA设计原则,在这4个区域内筛选抑制效果好的siRNA。结论成功克隆了FMDV WFL株2C-P3-3′NCR基因的序列,并筛选出4个适于设计siRNA的基因区段。     

氰烯菌酯(JS399-19)防治水稻恶苗病的研究

氰烯菌酯(JS399-19)是一种结构新颖、作用方式独特的高效杀菌剂。离体抑菌活性测定表明,JS399-19对水稻恶苗病多菌灵敏感菌株和抗性菌株均有相似活性,EC50为0.1612～0.3136μg/mL,EC95为1.5387～6.0455μg/mL;持效性测定表明,JS399-19在10d内对恶苗病菌的抑菌率是稳定的,抑菌率为77.9%～81.4%;种子安全性试验表明,以25%JS399-19SC1:1000倍浸种处理对水稻种子的发芽势有一定的影响,但不影响发芽率、出苗率及成苗率,1:2000、1:3000、1:4000倍浸种处理时水稻种子的发芽势、发芽率、出苗率成苗率等均与空白对照无明显差异;温室小区筛选试验表明,当25%JS399-19SC1:500、1:1000、1:2000、1:3000浸种处理时30d防效均为100%,1:4000倍时防效大于92%;初步应用技术研究表明,JS399-19防治水稻恶苗病,浸种处理剂量为1:3000～4000倍,当浸种温度为15～20℃时,浸种时间以48～72h为宜。本研究为氰烯菌酯防治水稻恶苗病的应用开发提供了依据。     

Spectral and complexity analysis of scalp EEG characteristics for mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease

Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) often is an early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). MCI is characterized by cognitive decline departing from normal cognitive aging but that does not significantly interfere with daily activities. This study explores the potential of scalp EEG for early detection of alterations from cognitively normal status of older adults signifying MCI and AD. Resting 32-channel EEG records from 48 age-matched participants (mean age 75.7 years)—15 normal controls (NC), 16 early MCI, and 17 early stage AD—are examined. Regional spectral and complexity features are computed and used in a support vector machine model to discriminate between groups. Analyses based on three-way classifications demonstrate overall discrimination accuracies of 83.3%, 85.4%, and 79.2% for resting eyes open, counting eyes closed, and resting eyes closed protocols, respectively. These results demonstrate the great promise for scalp EEG spectral and complexity features as noninvasive biomarkers for detection of MCI and early AD.     

Automatic classification and prediction models for early Parkinson’s disease diagnosis from SPECT imaging

Early and accurate diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is important for early management, proper prognostication and for initiating neuroprotective therapies once they become available. Recent neuroimaging techniques such as dopaminergic imaging using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with ¹²³I-Ioflupane (DaTSCAN) have shown to detect even early stages of the disease. In this paper, we use the striatal binding ratio (SBR) values that are calculated from the ¹²³I-Ioflupane SPECT scans (as obtained from the Parkinson’s progression markers initiative (PPMI) database) for developing automatic classification and prediction/prognostic models for early PD. We used support vector machine (SVM) and logistic regression in the model building process. We observe that the SVM classifier with RBF kernel produced a high accuracy of more than 96% in classifying subjects into early PD and healthy normal; and the logistic model for estimating the risk of PD also produced high degree of fitting with statistical significance indicating its usefulness in PD risk estimation. Hence, we infer that such models have the potential to aid the clinicians in the PD diagnostic process.     

传染性法氏囊病病毒疫苗B87株基因组B节段的克隆和序列分析

目的获得传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)疫苗B87株B节段全长cDNA,并对其序列进行分析,为进一步在分子水平上研究病毒基因组的功能、抗原变异和毒力变异奠定基础。方法使用蛋白酶K和酚/氯仿抽提法提取病毒基因组RNA,用LiCl分级沉淀方法纯化病毒基因组dsRNA,通过RT-PCR一步扩增获得B节段的全长cDNA。将其克隆到pGEM-T载体上,然后测序,并用DNAStar软件进行序列分析。结果测序结果表明,克隆的B87株基因组B节段全长为2827bp,与超强毒参考株UK661和HK46的同源性分别为89.8%和89.3%,与强毒参考株Harbin-1和ZJ2000的同源性分别为90.2%和89.5%;与变异毒株GLS的同源性为97.8%;与弱毒参考株CEF94和Gt株的同源性均为99.8%,与P2株的同源性达100%。结论通过对9株IBDV编码氨基酸序列进行分析、比较,推测B节段上10个独特的氨基酸位点可能与毒力相关。