高效COD降解菌强化石化废水处理的研究

针对难降解石化废水,以序批式运行方式考察了高效COD降解菌对常规污泥系统的强化效果。结果显示,向常规污泥系统中投加高效COD降解菌可加速生化系统启动,稳定运行后,其对石化废水的COD去除率较常规污泥系统高12%~14%。同时研究表明,当缩短停留时间或提高进水负荷时,经高效COD降解菌强化的污泥系统会表现出更强的稳定性和抗冲击性。     

Gramicidin A Mutants with Antibiotic Activity against Both Gram‐Positive and Gram‐Negative Bacteria

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have shown potential as alternatives to traditional antibiotics for fighting infections caused by antibiotic‐resistant bacteria. One promising example of this is gramicidin A (gA). In its wild‐type sequence, gA is active by permeating the plasma membrane of Gram‐positive bacteria. However, gA is toxic to human red blood cells at similar concentrations to those required for it to exert its antimicrobial effects. Installing cationic side chains into gA has been shown to lower its hemolytic activity while maintaining the antimicrobial potency. In this study, we present the synthesis and the antibiotic activity of a new series of gA mutants that display cationic side chains. Specifically, by synthesizing alkylated lysine derivatives through reductive amination, we were able to create a broad selection of structures with varied activities towards Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Importantly, some of the new mutants were observed to have an unprecedented activity towards important Gram‐negative pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Psuedomonas aeruginosa.     

内聚甲醇固定化硫酸盐还原菌小球去除硫酸盐和铬

Cr~(6+)和SO_4~(2-)对生态环境构成严重威胁,制备内聚甲醇为营养源的固定化硫酸盐还原菌小球处理初始Cr~(6+)浓度为100 mg·L-1和初始SO_4~(2-)浓度为200 mg·L-1的废水,探讨内聚甲醇固定化硫酸盐还原菌小球处理含Cr~(6+)和SO_4~(2-)的效果。结果表明,内聚甲醇为营养源的固定化硫酸盐还原菌小球对废水中Cr~(6+)和SO_4~(2-)具有较好的去除效果,对Cr~(6+)和SO_4~(2-)的最大去除量分别达到301.20μg·g-1和1 284.89μg·g-1。SEM分析表明,硫酸盐还原和吸附在其中发挥了重要作用,Cr~(6+)和SO_4~(2-)去除率最高达99.40%和97.49%。内聚甲醇的固定化硫酸盐还原菌小球是一种良好的处理含Cr~(6+)和SO_4~(2-)废水的新型生物吸附剂。     

Ni-P-PTFE镀层表面黏液形成菌的污垢特性

目的 研究Ni-P-PTFE镀层改性换热面对微生物污垢的抑制作用.方法 调整化学镀工艺,在换热器常用的低碳钢表面制备不同性能的复合镀层,获取镀层厚度、镀速和表面能等参数.对低碳钢和Ni-P-PTFE复合镀层进行微观形貌对比,并进行黏液形成菌污垢静置实验,测量菌悬液中的细菌数量变化及试样质量变化.分析复合镀层表面在黏液形成菌污垢实验前后的宏观和微观形貌,与低碳钢试样进行对比,研究复合镀层试样表面能和镀层表面污垢沉积的关联性.结果 Ni-P-PTFE复合镀层改变了换热面的表面性能,接触角明显增大,表面能由改性前的49.16 mJ/m2降低到7.54 mJ/m2.与低碳钢的静置结果 相比,悬挂复合镀层试样的菌悬液中黏液形成菌数量显著减少,复合镀层试样表面平均污垢沉积量减少到2.3 g/m2(低碳钢表面为12.1 g/m2).结论 Ni-P-PTFE镀层可以有效抑制黏液形成菌的生长,低表面能有效减少了微生物污垢的沉积,使其表现出良好的耐蚀性和抗垢性.     

载体选择及细菌连续培养试验研究

对几种不同载体进行了选择,采用选定的载体聚氯乙烯屑进行了细菌固定化和细菌的快速培养试验,试验结果良好;并考察了温度对细菌氧化亚铁速率的影响,结果表明,温度对细菌活性影响很大,温度低于7℃,细菌活性很差,温度高于50℃,细菌丧失活性。为了保持细菌良好活性,最好保持菌液温度在30℃左右。     

铝土矿的细菌浸出及微生物代谢产物试验研究

就细菌浸出方式、矿物品格结构、菌种的不同来源及其分解代谢物种类、数量、能力等四个方面对铝土矿的硅酸盐细菌浸硅效果的影响进行了试验研究和分析。结果表明,五种不同来源的硅酸盐细菌都能较好地从各种铝土矿中浸出硅,硅浸出率范围为35.3%-65.3%,其中JXF-1菌株浸出硅的效果最好;试验采用了四种不同的浸出方式,其中,利用预先在有被浸矿样且含蔗糖的培养基中培养的菌种,然后在有糖培养基质中对矿样进行浸出,硅的浸出率最好,从各种矿样中浸出硅的范围为25.7%-65.3%,比其它浸出方式高10%以上。在各种类型的被浸矿样中,细菌对层状结构的绿泥石浸出效果最好,可浸出其中65.3%的硅,而架状结构的正长石被细菌浸出的硅只有25.7%。硅酸盐细菌在不同的培养基中可以合成大部分的氨基酸、多糖和酒石酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸等四种主要的有机酸,各种代谢产物均对高岭石中的硅有一定的浸溶作用,试验表明,氨基酸、有机酸、多糖三者混合物溶解高岭石中硅的量比单独代谢产物的溶解硅的量分别高357.99%、291.89%、1186.1%。     

乳酸菌发酵提取物保护皮肤氧化损伤的作用与机理

为筛选出能够保护皮肤细胞减缓氧化应激损伤的乳酸菌,对植物乳杆菌、类干酪乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、高加索酸奶乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌五种不同乳酸菌进行发酵培养获得发酵提取物,从生化、细胞、分子三种水平对所得提取物的抗氧化功效和保护细胞氧化应激损伤的效果和机制进行检测。结果表明五种乳酸菌发酵提取物均具有良好的清除羟自由基和超氧阴离子的能力,植物乳杆菌发酵提取物(Lactobacillus plantarum fermented extract 1,FE1)对两种自由基的清除作用最强,10g/L的FE1能够清除49.14%的羟自由基和73.99%的超氧阴离子。五种乳酸菌发酵提取物中植物乳杆菌发酵提取物、类干酪乳杆菌发酵提取物（Lactobacillus paracasei fermented extract 2, FE2）和嗜酸乳杆菌发酵提取物（Lactobacillus acidophilus fermented extract 3 ,FE3）能够显著提高氧化应激损伤条件下皮肤细胞的存活率（ p<0.05）以及细胞中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活力（p<0.05）,同时降低细胞内活性氧含量（p<0.05）。特别的是,植物乳杆菌发酵提取物还可以显著提升细胞内过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活力水平及细胞的总抗氧化能力水平（p<0.05）。分子水平实验结果显示植物乳杆菌发酵提取物可促进Sirt1上调表达,并激活Wnt/β-catenin通路中关键调控基因β-catenin,从而上调了MP30、FoxO3a、Tbx3抗氧化基因表达从而提升其抗氧化能力。因此植物乳杆菌发酵提取物良好的抗氧化性效果具有减缓H2O2刺激引起皮肤细胞氧化损伤的作用。     

硫化矿细菌浸出机理及协同作用研究现状

细菌浸出作为一种经济、环保的处理技术,广泛应用于金属硫化物的金属提取和预处理过程中。为进一步理解细菌在硫化物浸出过程中的作用,详细阐述了细菌在浸出过程中的作用机理及其在矿物表面的作用机制,系统描述了金属硫化物溶解的硫代硫酸盐与多硫化合物途径。同时,还重点介绍了常见浸矿细菌的生存环境,并对不同种类浸矿细菌之间的协同作用进行了分析。     

Alterations in Membrane Phospholipid Fatty Acids of Gram-Positive Piezotolerant Bacterium Sporosarcina sp. DSK25 in Response to Growth Pressure

Pressure is an important thermodynamic property of the ocean and the deep biosphere that affects microbial physiology and biochemistry. Here, we report on our investigation of the response of Gram-positive piezotolerant bacterium Sporosarcina sp. DSK25 to hydrostatic pressure. Strain DSK25 responded in an adaptive manner to upshifts of growth pressure and showed systematic changes in phospholipid fatty acids. As the pressure increased from 0.1 to 10 MPa (Megapascal), unsaturated fatty acids in DSK25 increased from 21.7 to 31.1 % of total fatty acids, while the level of iso- and anteiso-branched fatty acids remained unchanged. At higher pressures (30, 50, and 60 MPa), the amount of unsaturated fatty acids decreased, and that of anteiso-branched fatty acids increased from 34.4 to 49.9 % at the expense of iso-branched fatty acids. For the first time, two polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 18:2n-6 and 18:2n-x, with the latter having much higher abundance than the former, were identified in DSK25. The concentration of the PUFA increased with growth pressure. These results indicate the involvement of unsaturated and methyl-branched fatty acids in the modulation of bacteria membrane fluidity and function over environmentally relevant parameter (pressure). Piezotolerant bacterium Sporosarcina sp. DSK25 appears to utilize two regulatory mechanisms for adaptation to high pressure, a rapid-responding mechanism on transient scale, expressed as increased biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids, and a long-term adaptation mechanism in increased synthesis of anteiso-branched and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Our results further suggest that Gram-positive piezophilic bacteria respond differently than Gram-negative bacteria in adaptation to high pressure.     

Injury Mechanisms of Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter Cultures During Spray Drying: A Review

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter cultures can be processed by many drying techniques, among which spray drying has great potential. However, injuries of LAB during spray drying lead to a low survival rate. The microbial injuries of LAB during spray drying are specifically induced by dehydration inactivation, thermal inactivation, and balance between the two. To reduce the drying temperature, new drying techniques based on spray drying were tried; that is, low-temperature vacuum–spray drying and spray–freeze drying.