大豆素火腿肠生产工艺的探讨

采用大豆组织蛋白、魔芋精粉、蛋白粉、植物油等基本原料,代替猪肉、鸡肉等动物肉,进行制作素火腿肠的试验研究。介绍了试验的基本配方及生产工艺、流程和步骤,着重分析了制作过程中关键点的控制要求,并且评价了素火腿肠试制品的感官特性、营养保健性,并指出今后改进的思路。     

Pig sire type and sex effects on carcass traits,meat quality and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Serrano dry‐cured ham

This study demonstrates that improvements in animal line selection by breeding enterprises exert a strong effect on carcass traits, meat quality and sensory characteristics of Serrano dry‐cured ham. A total of 461 pigs from the offspring of a Duroc (DU) × Landrace (LD) sow mated with two DU boars and a DU × Large White (LW) boar from three breeding enterprises were evaluated. The two DU terminal sires were significantly different (P < 0.05) in carcass conformation, backfat thickness, ham and loin yields, raw ham traits, myoglobin concentration and total pigments formed during the curing process; in addition, the two lines provided different percentages of hams (54 vs 91%) with sufficient subcutaneous fat and weight to manufacture dry‐cured Serrano hams using a slow ripening process (11 months). The DU × LW sire had the best carcass and ham traits from an economic standpoint and obtained highest scores for sensory characteristics of Serrano ham evaluated by a trained panel test; furthermore, this line provided 84% of total hams suitable for manufacturing Serrano hams by a slow process. When the sex effect was analysed, carcass and ham traits of females were more favourable, but females presented a higher incidence of pale, soft and exudative (PSE) meat and a lower percentage of hams with sufficient subcutaneous fat and weight to produce Serrano hams using a slow ripening process (61% for females and 91% for castrates). On the other hand, castrates provided Serrano hams cured by a slow procedure with better organoleptic characteristics than females. Right and left hams were similar. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

采用同时蒸馏提取法分析不同加工时期金华火腿香味成分

腌制时间对金华火腿的风味与质量十分重要 ,文中采用同时蒸馏提取法比较了成熟火腿(发酵 1a)和生火腿 (未经发酵 )中的风味成分 ,分别得到了 77种和 62种化合物。结果显示 ,成熟火腿中的醛醇类物质 (3 4种 )尤其是烯醛和烯醇的种类和数量明显多于生火腿 (1 5种 )。同时 ,文中还讨论分析了各类组分及它们的风味贡献。     

干腌肉块复合腌制新技术研究

采用低温、复合腌制剂、干燥、真空包装、发酵成熟等工艺过程,进行低咸度腌肉制品安全性研究。通过正交试验筛选出的最佳复合腌制剂配方(NaCl3%、Nisin600mg/kg、VC2mg/kg、亚硝酸钠40mg/kg),能够避免腌制失败的风险。加工过程中,肉块的pH(5.75-6.25)变化较小,抑菌效果不显著;而水分活度(0.960-0.809)明显下降,是腌肉安全贮藏的重要栅栏因子。发酵成熟的干腌肉块含水分53.93%,食盐含量降至6.0%,表现出干腌肉制品的特征风味。在发酵成熟阶段,蛋白质水解和轻度的脂肪氧化,对干腌肉块风味品质的形成有重要作用。     

宣威火腿中生物胺的HPLC测定

以宣威火腿为对象分析其中8种生物胺含量,样品通过0.4 mol/L高氯酸提取后以丹磺酰氯柱前衍生,经ZORBAX XDB-C18柱分离以配备二极管阵列检测器的HPLC对生物胺进行测定。结果表明,该方法中8种生物胺的线性范围为0.5～20μg/mL,检测限为0.05～0.1μg/mL,回收率为81.58%～95.58%,相对标准偏差为2.48%～5.85%,该方法线性范围广,灵敏度和准确度高,可满足定量分析的要求。在宣威火腿中检测出6种生物胺,其中苯乙胺0.56 mg/100g,腐胺1.45 mg/100g,尸胺0.37 mg/100g,酪胺3.62 mg/100g,亚精胺1.26 mg/100g,精胺4.28 mg/100g。     

干腌火腿中霉菌毒素研究的进展

从干腌火腿中分离到一些霉菌菌株在培养基中生长时可以产生黄曲霉毒素、环匹阿尼酸、青霉酸、梗曲霉素、展青霉素、灰黄霉素、霉酚酸、赭曲霉毒素、橘青霉素和疣孢苷啶等多种霉菌毒素。生成霉菌毒素的霉菌都属于青酶和曲霉。鲜绿青霉可以在干腌火腿中生成环匹阿尼酸,且这种霉菌毒素在干腌火腿中具有较高的稳定性,从而对干腌火腿的安全性构成很大的威胁。将无毒性的霉菌菌株进行培养并接种到干腌火腿上,可防止干腌火腿中形成霉菌毒素。     

Biology and integrated pest management of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) infesting dry cured hams

The biology and physiology of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae), also known as the ham, cheese or mold mite, is reviewed along with methods that have been evaluated for managing and controlling this pest. This review was conducted because the ham mite is an important target pest of the dry cured ham industry. Methyl bromide has been historically used to control mite infestations, but is now banned or being phased out of use in most countries because it is an ozone-depleting substance. Only commercially available stockpiles and quarantine and pre-shipment methyl bromide are available for use in countries that require such action. This review compares the effectiveness and feasibility of recently investigated methods to control mite infestations on dry cured ham and to discuss integrated pest management plans for ham mites. The review also proposes methods for conducting a prevention and monitoring-based integrated pest management program that relies on definitive mitigation such as fumigation only when mite numbers exceed a critical action threshold.     

Volatile compounds on the surface and within Iberian dry-cured loin

The profile of volatile compounds from external and internal areas of Iberian dry-cured loin was studied by headspace solid-phase microextraction. Higher levels of 16 volatile compounds (hexane, decane, 3-methylbutanal, several sulphur compounds and some aromatic hydrocarbons) were detected in the outer part of the loins. These differences could be owing to several factors, such as greater exposure to oxygen and dehydration conditions in the surface of the product, which favour oxidation reactions and Strecker degradation of amino acids. Moreover, the addition of spices on the surface and the proximity of a mould layer growing on the surface of the product could also contribute to the higher levels of these compounds on the external layer. However, other sulphur compounds coming from spices showed similar levels on the surface and within the loins. This different behaviour could be a consequence of different diffusion rates depending on the features of the compound and the matrix.     

生物防腐剂对胀袋火腿肠污染菌产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌研究

从胀袋火腿肠中分离纯化得到惟一的一株厌氧菌，经形态观察、生化试验鉴定为产气荚膜梭菌（Clostridium perfringens）。生物防腐剂的抑菌研究表明：在加热灭菌后，聚赖氨酸对Cl．perfringens具有很好的抑菌作用，最小抑菌浓度（MIC）为0.025％；pH4、95℃处理30min，Nisin仍然具有很好的抑菌作用，MIC为0.020％；迷迭香酸和乳酸钠不能完全抑制该菌生长；不经加热处理的溶菌酶具有很好的抑菌作用，但加热后酶活力大大降低，不能用于火腿肠的防腐。     

小麦氧化磷酸酯淀粉在火腿肠与香肠中的应用

着重研究了不同取代度（DS）的小麦氧化磷酸酯淀粉在火腿肠和香肠中的最佳添加量,从而使产品具有较好的品质。结果表明：在火腿肠中添加DS为0．15的氧化磷酸酯淀粉质量分数8％时,火腿肠具有恰当的硬度和咀嚼性,较好的弹性、粘聚性和胶着性,其品质最佳;在熏煮香肠中添加DS为0．15的氧化磷酸酯淀粉质量分数5％时,香肠具有恰当的...