Trace element concentrations in Proteocephalus macrocephalus (Cestoda) and Anguillicola crassus (Nematoda) in comparison to their fish host, Anguilla anguilla in Ria de Aveiro, Portugal

The use of some fish parasites as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution has been demonstrated as particularly adequate due to their capacity of bioconcentration. This study evaluated the effect of Proteocephalus macrocephalus on the accumulation of trace elements in the edible fish, Anguilla anguilla, in a contaminated area in Portugal (Ria de Aveiro). Also, the model P. macrocephalus/A. anguilla was assessed as a bioindicator system in the presence of the highly prevalent nematode Anguillicola crassus. Samples (kidney, liver, muscle, A. crassus and P. macrocephalus) of 20 eels harbouring A. crassus and another 20 harbouring both A. crassus and P. macrocephalus were selected for element analysis by ICP-MS. The highest concentrations of Cr, Ni and Zn were detected in P. macrocephalus. However, there was a higher liver and muscle Cr concentration in eels not infected by P. macrocephalus. Also, the nematode A. crassus presented higher Cr concentrations in those eels harbouring P. macrocephalus. Results suggest that P. macrocephalus individuals accumulate Cr and Ni while levels of Cr in eel livers and Ni levels in eel kidney are reduced. The system P. macrocephalus/A. anguilla yielded bioaccumulation factors for Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn, whereas bioaccumulation of Cu, Cr and Pb in A. crassus varied according to eel co-infection with P. macrocephalus, thus emphasising the possible role of cestode infection in metal metabolization/storage processes in host tissues. Results suggest that heavy metal pollution in Ria de Aveiro has been decreasing although it is still higher than in other contaminated areas in Europe. Nevertheless, eel consumption in Ria de Aveiro represents no risk for humans although they may represent a real contamination risk for wildlife. The system P. macrocephalus/A. anguilla is proposed as another promising bioindicator system to evaluate environmental Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn exposure in estuarine areas where both species co-occur.     

海鳗盐渍过程中的渗透脱水规律研究

研究了海鳗在盐渍过程中的渗透脱水规律。海鳗经盐渍发生了物理、化学和组织的变化。温度对鱼体盐渍的重量变化影响不是决定性的，食盐浓度是影响鱼体重量变化的关键因素；温度和浓度对于食盐渗透速度的影响是显著的，并且为正相关。电镜显示经过盐渍后的肌肉组织结构变硬和嚼密。在盐卤中氨基酸随着盐渍温度的提高溶出的数量增加。随着盐渍浓度的提高，盐卤中的氨基酸溶出的数量减少。而鱼体肌肉蛋白质的分解，盐渍浓度对其有较大影响。这些研究对于海鳗的腌制生产具有实际指导意义。     

一起雪卡毒素中毒事件中裸胸鳝毒性的研究

目的研究厦门一起引发食物中毒的裸胸鳝毒性及种类,以预防雪卡毒素中毒。方法对中毒事件进行流行病学调查,采集裸胸鳝样品共5份,采用小鼠生物法、雪卡毒素免疫膜检测试剂盒检测毒性大小,高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定太平洋雪卡毒素(P-CTX-1),同时提取中毒鱼肉组织中的mtDNA,PCR技术扩增细胞色素b(Ctyb)后测序鉴定中毒鱼种。结果小鼠生物法试验检测5份样品,鱼肉毒性为无毒性(ND)～0.052 MU/g,内脏毒性为ND～0.23 MU/g;高效液相色谱-串联质谱法未检出P-CTX-1。5种鱼种经鉴定均为裸胸鳝属(Gymnothorax),其中中毒鱼种经基因测序为波纹裸胸鳝(Gymnothorax undulates)。结论引发该起食物中毒的是一种含有雪卡毒素的波纹裸胸鳝。     

Lipid and fatty acid compositions differentiate between wild and cultured Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica)

The lipid profile and fatty acid composition of muscle, liver, and plasma lipoprotein were examined in wild and cultured Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). Although, the muscle lipid levels of wild eels (11.6%) were less than those of cultured eels (13.1%), both eels were classified as typical fatty fish. Compared with the liver lipid composition of cultured eels, triacylglycerol (TG) level of the liver decreased in wild eels, whilst phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine levels of the liver increased in wild eels, reflecting the difference of liver lipid levels in both eels. Wild eels contained more cholesteryl ester (CE) and less TG, phospholipid, and free cholesterol in their plasma than cultured eels. The ratio of TG to CE decreased, whilst that of CE to total cholesterol increased in the plasma of wild eels. Different fatty acid compositions were found between wild and cultured eels. Compared with the fatty acid compositions of cultured eels, wild eels contained high percentages of 18:2, 18:3, and 20:4 and low percentages of 22:6, 20:1, and 20:5 in their muscle, liver, and plasma lipoprotein. The lipid profile and fatty acid composition seemed to be useful criteria for distinguishing between wild and cultured eels.     

超高效液相色谱- 串联质谱法快速检测鳗鱼中磺胺类、喹诺酮类、四环素族抗生素药物残留

建立鳗鱼中15 种磺胺、3 种喹诺酮类以及4 种四环素族抗生素残留的超高效液相色谱- 串联质谱同时测定方法。采用酸性EDTA-Mcllvaine 缓冲液提取,经HLB 固相萃取小柱富积、净化后进行UPLC 分离,电喷雾串联质谱进行检测,多离子反应监测(MRM)模式定量。添加水平为5、10、20μg/kg 时各种化合物的平均回收率范围为72.4%～97.3%,RSD 值均小于14.4%。该法简单、快速、灵敏,适用于鳗鱼中多磺胺组分、喹诺酮及四环素族组分残留的同时测定。     

酒精和冷冻处理对肌肉组织基因组DNA提取的影响

提取基因组DNA的质量对于后续的基因扩增、酶切以及测序等分子生物学研究具有关键的影响,对肌肉组织进行不同的酒精和冷冻处理会显著影响提取DNA的质量。经过-80℃超低温冷冻数日的黄鳝样品解冻,取肌肉组织放入75%酒精处理后提取的基因组DNA完整性差、降解厉害;经过-80℃超低温冷冻数日的黄鳝样品直接取肌肉组织提取的基因组DNA比较完整、降解程度低;活体采取的黄鳝新鲜肌肉组织样品经过75%酒精处理,在-80℃超低温冷冻数日然后提取的基因组DNA质量也较好,电泳条带明晰而锐利,弥散降解带较少。后两种处理方法对黄鳝肌肉组织中DNA酶活性降低显著,因此提取的肌肉组织基因组DNA质量较高,可以有力支持后续的酶切、PCR扩增等分子生物学实验。     

草鱼和鳗鱼内脏发酵鱼露的理化成分比较

以草鱼鱼露和鳗鱼鱼露为研究对象,研究鱼露发酵过程中理化成分(TVB-N、AA-N、pH、NaCl、脂肪、总糖等)含量的变化。在发酵的过程中,pH呈现下降趋势,鳗鱼鱼露略高于草鱼鱼露;AA-N呈先上升后略微下降的趋势,鳗鱼鱼露的含量高于草鱼鱼露;TVB-N呈先增加后趋于平稳的趋势,鳗鱼鱼露的含量略高于草鱼鱼露;NaCl略微有所上升,草鱼鱼露和鳗鱼鱼露相差不大;脂肪含量呈现下降趋势,草鱼鱼露和鳗鱼鱼露相差不大;总糖的含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,草鱼鱼露的含量高于鳗鱼鱼露。     

60Co-γ射线辐照对鳝鱼品质及挥发性物质的影响

目的 研究60Co-γ射线辐照对鳝鱼品质及挥发性物质的影响。方法 将鲜活鳝鱼剖杀、切段处理后进行辐照灭菌,设置2、4、6、8 kGy 4个剂量组,以未辐照组作为对照组,真空包装后在4 ℃冰箱中进行储藏。定期取样测定其菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base nitrogen, TVB-N)、脂肪含量、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、脂质过氧化物(lipid peroxides, LPO)来研究60Co-γ射线辐照灭菌对鳝鱼冷藏品质的影响,并利用固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱联用技术(solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, SPME-GC-MS),研究未辐照、8 kGy辐照鳝鱼的挥发性物质变化情况。结果 第8d时未辐照组鳝鱼片挥发性盐基氮值为20.92 mg/100 g,菌落总数超过1.0×106 CFU/g,超过可食用标准限值,但辐照导致鳝鱼脂肪氧化产物增加,第6d时未辐照组的LPO和MDA含量分别为8.64 μmol/g prot和7.64 nmol/mg prot,而辐照各组均高于未辐照组。挥发性物质检测结果显示,在鳝鱼中一共检测出62种挥发性物质,其中胺类6种、醛类15种、烃类25种、酸类5种、酮类5种、酯类2种、醇类1种,其他化合物4种。结论 辐照能够有效延长鳝鱼冷藏货架期,结合TVB-N和菌落总数指标,辐照组鳝鱼的冷藏货架期最长可至15d,但辐照也有促使脂肪氧化、产生影响风味的挥发性物质等副作用。     

高效液相色谱法测定鳗鱼中三聚氰胺残留量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法检测鳗鱼中三聚氰胺残留量的方法。方法 鳗鱼试样用1%三氯乙酸超声提取,以1%三氯乙酸饱和的二氯甲烷液液分配除脂,用混合型阳离子交换固相萃取小柱富集和净化,用SHISEIDO CAPCELL PAK CR(1:4)混合液相色谱柱分离,DAD检测器检测。结果 三聚氰胺在0 ~25μg/mL浓度范围的线性相关系数为0.9999,加标水平在2.0、4.0、10.0 mg/kg的平均回收率分别为94.0%、95.3%、99.5%,相对标准偏差RSD(n=6)分别为2.73%、3.71%、5.79%,该方法检出限(S/N=10)为1.55 mg/kg。结论各项指标均符合GB/T 27404-2008《实验室质量控制规范 食品理化检测》中检测方法确认的技术要求。