偏心受压构件正截面承载力统一计算公式研究

混凝土受压区高度的不同 ,大、小偏心受压构件的受力情况复杂 ,计算公式繁多 ,若能推导出统一计算公式 ,将使问题得到简化。本文提出偏心受压构件正截面承载力计算的统一公式 ,很好地解决了这一问题     

Simultaneous determination of bisphenol A,octylphenol, and nonylphenol by pressurised liquid extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in powdered milk and infant formulas

A new analytical method, using pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), was developed for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A (BPA), octylphenol (OP) and nonylphenol (NP) in powdered infant formulas (IF) and powdered skimmed milk (PM). The analytes were extracted by PLE, using this optimised conditions: ethyl acetate as solvent, 70 °C of temperature, reversed-phase silica C₁₈ as dispersing agent and three cycles of extraction. The extracts were then injected in LC–MS/MS using a Gemini C₁₈ column and a mixture of 5% water and 95% methanol/acetonitrile, both with 0.1% ammonia, as a mobile phase. Recoveries at different fortification levels (0.5 and 0.05 mg kg⁻¹), were between 89% and 92% for BPA, 84 and 98% for OP, and 93% and 101% for NP. The method was applied to the analysis of samples of PM and IF, bought in Italian and Spanish markets. In positive samples, phenols concentration ranged from 0.07 to 1.29 mg kg⁻¹ for BPA, from 0.028 to 1.55 mg kg⁻¹ for OP and from 0.026 to 1.47 mg kg⁻¹ for NP.     

Predictive formulas for different measures of cheese yield using milk composition from individual goat samples

The objective of this study was to develop formulas based on milk composition of individual goat samples for predicting cheese yield (%CY) traits (fresh curd, milk solids, and water retained in the curd). The specific aims were to assess and quantify (1) the contribution of major milk components (fat, protein, and casein) and udder health indicators (lactose, somatic cell count, pH, and bacterial count) on %CY traits (fresh curd, milk solids, and water retained in the curd); (2) the cheese-making method; and (3) goat breed effects on prediction accuracy of the %CY formulas. The %CY traits were analyzed in duplicate from 600 goats, using an individual laboratory cheese-making procedure (9-MilCA method; 9 mL of milk per observation) for a total of 1,200 observations. Goats were reared in 36 herds and belonged to 6 breeds (Saanen, Murciano-Granadina, Camosciata delle Alpi, Maltese, Sarda, and Sarda Primitiva). Fresh %CY (%CY_CURD), total solids (%CY_SOLIDS), and water retained (%CY_WATER) in the curd were used as response variables. Single and multiple linear regression models were tested via different combinations of standard milk components (fat, protein, casein) and indirect udder health indicators (UHI; lactose, somatic cell count, pH, and bacterial count). The 2 %CY observations within animal were averaged, and a cross-validation (CrV) scheme was adopted, in which 80% of observations were randomly assigned to the calibration (CAL) set and 20% to the validation (VAL) set. The procedure was repeated 10 times to account for sampling variability. Further, the model presenting the best prediction accuracy in CrV (i.e., comprehensive formula) was used in a secondary analysis to assess the accuracy of the %CY predictive formulas as part of the laboratory cheese-making procedure (within-animal validation, WAV), in which the first %CY observation within animal was assigned to CAL, and the second to the VAL set. Finally, a stratified CrV (SCrV) was adopted to assess the %CY traits prediction accuracy across goat breeds, again using the best model, in which 5 breeds were included in CAL and the remaining one in the VAL set. Fitting statistics of the formulas were assessed by coefficient of determination of validation (R²_VAL) and the root mean square error of validation (RMSE_VAL). In CrV, the formula with the best prediction accuracy for all %CY traits included fat, casein, and UHI (R²_VAL = 0.65, 0.96, and 0.23 for %CY_CURD, %CY_SOLIDS, and %CY_WATER, respectively). The WAV procedure showed R²_VAL higher than those obtained in CrV, evidencing a low effect of the 9-MilCA method and, indirectly, its high repeatability. In the SCrV, large differences for %CY_CURD and %CY_WATER among breeds evidenced that the breed is a fundamental factor to consider in %CY predictive formulas. These results may be useful to monitor milk composition and quantify the influence of milk traits in the composite selection indices of specific breeds, and for the direct genetic improvement of cheese production.     

基于采样点正交变换的改进CKF算法

针对传统CKF算法在解决高维问题时因非局部采样造成的滤波性能下降问题,基于设计的正交矩阵提出了一种改进的CKF算法。采用多元Taylor级数展开,揭示了CKF虽能解决UKF的数值不稳定性问题,但同时也引入了非局部采样问题这一事实;进一步设计出一种正交变换矩阵,用于对CKF算法中的采样点进行变换,并从理论上证明了提出的改进CKF算法相对于CKF在高维、强非线性等非局部采样问题突出的应用场合具有更高的估计精度。仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

等应变率加载下冻土粘弹塑性应力应变本构模拟

借助模型分析,通过等应变率下对不同含水量、不同温度的兰州粉结冻土试样在单轴加载条件进行应力测试,得到应力应变曲线。根据粘弹塑性体模型,结合试验曲线特征,选择应力应变的方程形式。以其中一个组典型的试验结果为例进行拟合数据处理,获得拟合的应力应变曲线,确定方程中的参数。再将方法用于不同情况下的实验曲线处理,得到10％和20％两种含水量：-10℃和-20℃两种试验温度下冻土试样的测试的应力．应变三阶段全过程本构方程。结果表明,由此得到的方程能很好地描述冻土的材料特性。     

新型直齿内啮合齿轮泵的齿形分析

通过对新型直齿内啮合齿轮泵的研究，推导出了共轭内齿轮的齿廓曲线方程，确定了影响齿轮泵性能的外齿轮齿形半角α的取值范围。     

质谱准确测定高丰度~(15)N_2的计算方法

近年来,稳定同位素质谱(IRMS)在农业、生态、环境以及地质资源中的应用越来越广泛。在氮素研究过程中,稳定同位素质谱仪主要测定的是~(15)N自然丰度或~(15)N富集较低的气体样品,在测定高丰度的~(15)N_2时,质谱仪自动计算出的结果在精确度和准确度上,都有很大的偏差。为了探究造成这种现象的原因,利用(NH4)2SO4与NaBrO溶液反应产生N_2,精确地配制了10、25、50、70、99.14atom%的~(15)N_2系列高丰度气体样品,利用MAT-253稳定同位素质谱仪测定气体样品的~(15)N_2丰度,并采用推导出的3种不同的公式:~(15)N atom%=1/1+2I28/I29×100、~(15)N atom%=I29+2I30/2(I28+I29+I30)×100和~(15)N atom%=2/I29/I30+2×100计算~(15)N_2系列样品的丰度,并与仪器给出的结果进行对比。结果表明,在测定~(15)N atom%≥10atom%的N_2样品丰度时,质谱仪计算机软件计算出的~(15)N丰度结果并不准确,必须采用公式进行人工计算。公式~(15)N atom%=1/1+2I28/I29×100和~(15)N atom%=I29+2I30/2(I28+I29+I30)×100只适用于计算丰度约为10atom%的N_2样品的~(15)N丰度,并要求以m/z28、29和30的峰面积代入公式进行计算;而当N_2样品~(15)N atom%≥10atom%时,均可采用公式~(15)N atom%=2/I29/I30+2×100计算~(15)N_2的丰度。该方法可为质谱测定高丰度~(15)N_2提供准确可靠的计算方法。     

由基频计算拉索拉力的实用公式

振动法测索力广泛应用于索结构的施工控制、状态评估和健康监测,其基本原理是基于弦振动理论。弦理论忽略了索的垂度和抗弯刚度的非线性影响,在实际应用中有时会带来不可接受的误差。采用能量法和曲线拟合方法,建立了分别考虑索垂度和抗弯刚度影响,由基频计算索力的实用公式。对公式的适用范围进行了讨论,并与现有解的结果进行了比较,表明本文公式可满足精度要求。     

平板式筏基计算方法的改进和简化

平板式筏基为无梁体系 ,传力简捷 ,整体刚度好 ,施工速度快 ,是框架结构常用的基础形式。对等代框架法和经验系数法进行分析比较后 ,提出了适用于平板式筏基的等代梁弯矩系数法 ,并结合新规范对板的冲切计算、受剪计算、弯矩及配筋计算推导了较实用的简化公式和条件式 ,编制了计算表