CO2 process intensification of algae oil extraction to biodiesel

Algae-to-biodiesel processes are hindered by high costs and low energy return on investment.^1,2. Herein, three foci in research improve algae-to-biodiesel processes by: (1) reducing high installation and energy costs in the CO₂ sequestration, cultivation, and harvesting stages; (2) improving oil extraction and biodiesel generation; and (3) increasing utilization of the proteins in lipid-extracted biomass (e.g., for animal feed), as well as the omega-3 fatty acids for nutraceuticals and food supplements. A process is introduced that uses carbon dioxide to aid in all three of these foci. CO₂ is used first in the form of microbubbles to lyse algae cell walls, releasing triglyceride oils. CO₂ also aids with transesterification of these triglycerides using methanol. At low temperatures (353.15–368.15 K) and intermediate pressures (5–10 MMPa), carbon dioxide causes methanol to dissolve partially in the triglyceride phase and triglyceride to dissolve partially in the methanol phase, increasing the transesterification reaction rate. Due to the nondestructive nature of these processes, other metabolites can also be harvested providing improvements in both mass and economic efficiency with an overall sharp reduction in the modeled price of biodiesel.     

Magnetic Large-Mesoporous Nanoreactors Enable Enzymatically Regulated Background-Free and Persistently Signalling Diseases Diagnosis

Diverse diseases and increasing prevalence pose a serious threat to public health. Point-of-care testing (POCT) techniques have imposed superior requirements over sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, affordability, and high-throughput. However, transient signal, complex sample pretreatment, and low signal-to-noise ratio make POCT severely limited in detection accuracy, efficiency, and sensitivity. Here, an enzyme-assisted magnetic large-mesoporous nanoreactor (FS) is constructed for achieving persistent-chemiluminescence signal output and eliminating matrix interference in disease diagnosis. The core-shell structured FS synthesized via an interface coassembly method exhibits uniform size, large and open mesopores (≈22 nm), and intrinsic magnetic separability. Such unique FS acts as efficient nanoreactor for confined cascade reactions enable efficient persistent-chemiluminescence (pCL) signal transduction and high-SNR chromogenic analysis of diverse biomarkers. The developed pCL assays facilitate high-sensitive determination of chronic disease biomarkers glucose and uric acid with detection limits (DL) of 5.4 mg L⁻¹ and 151.2 ng L⁻¹, respectively. The proposed chromogenic immunoassay enables an ultrasensitive and visual determination of alpha-fetoprotein with a DL of 1.2 ng L⁻¹, which is superior to previously published immunoassays. The feasibility of the developed methods for real-world applications are demonstrated in 159 clinical serum samples, and the determination results agree well with the clinical data. The proposed technique is expected to promote highly sensitive disease diagnosis in primary medical institutions and resource-limited areas since not relying on expensive automatic sampling and testing instruments. The good flexibility of the customizable nanoreactor makes it a powerful tool for developing various POCT techniques for rapid, sensitive, and accurate diseases diagnosis.     

碱性蛋白酶水解豌豆蛋白及其产物抗氧化活性研究

采用碱性蛋白酶(Alcalase)水解豌豆蛋白,对不同条件下制备的豌豆蛋白酶水解产物DPPH·清除率进行了研究,在单因素试验基础上采用响应面分析方法优化酶水解条件,得到最佳酶解工艺条件为:酶解温度56.5℃,酶解时间3.2 h,pH6.1,加酶量3.0％,底物浓度3.0％,在此条件下,碱性蛋白酶水解产物对DPPH·的清除率为47.83％.     

生物酶水解棉纤维法分离废弃涤棉织物

采用生物酶水解棉纤维方法分离废弃涤纶混纺织物中涤纶与棉纤维,相关研究尚未见报道.研究了预处理、水解时间、生物酶用量、固-液比等因素对水解反应的影响,并对水解前、后纱线结构及性能进行了表征.研究表明该方法可以有效地分离棉纤维含量较低的废弃涤棉混纺织物,残留纱线为涤纶纤维,且其性能没有显著变化.本实验条件下适宜的水解工艺参数:常温下2%碱液浸泡72 h,混合酶用量3 g,固-液比10 g/500 mL,水解时间36 h.     

水溶性阿魏酸甘油酯的合成研究进展

含有甘油基的水溶性阿魏酸衍生物具有与阿魏酸相似的生理功能,其水溶性较阿魏酸大.主要对目前含有甘油基的水溶性阿魏酸衍生物的合成方法进行了总结,并对它们的生理功能进行了简单概述,为水溶性阿魏酸甘油酯的应用奠定了理论基础.     

不同土壤水分对丹参叶片总酚酸类成分积累及相关酶活性的影响

以丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)为材料,采用盆栽实验,研究丹参叶片在不同土壤水分(田间持水量的35％、55％、75％)条件下总酚酸类成分积累及相关酶活性的变化规律.结果表明干旱胁迫后期,丹参叶片总酚酸类成分积累明显提高,表现为总酚酸含量以55％处理最高,35％处理次之,75％处理最低,其中55％处理总酚酸含量达到75％处理的1.50倍,35％处理达到75％处理的1.31倍.处理前期,55％土壤含水量能够促进PAL酶活性提高,而处理中后期55％和35％土壤含水量均能够促进TAT酶活性提高,但干旱胁迫对CAH酶活性影响不显著.丹参叶片总酚酸类成分的积累与PAL和CAH酶相关,未发现与TAT有明显关系.这为丹参叶片资源的开发和丹参范化种植与灌溉提供了理论参考,也为丹参药材的质量控制提供了指导.     

离子液体体系下纤维素酶降解壳聚糖

合成氨基酸类离子液体甘氨酸氟硼酸盐-[Gly]BF4,构建该离子液体与壳聚糖的均相体系,在此体系下采用纤维素酶对壳聚糖进行降解。研究发现该离子液体在溶解壳聚糖的过程中可以有效破坏壳聚糖中氢键,并且增加纤维素酶与壳聚糖之间可及度,促进降解效果。考察不同条件对反应的影响,确定最佳条件:质量分数2%离子液体水溶液与壳聚糖组成均相体系,pH 5.0,反应时间3h,反应温度50℃,壳聚糖1.0g,酶用量0.1g,所得降解产物平均相对分子质量可达2 000左右,具有良好水溶性,较常规体系下酶解反应有很大改善。同时,离子液体具有良好重复使用性。     

碳酸二甲酯的用途及合成研究进展

简介了碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的主要用途.综述了DMC的各种合成方法,以及有关工艺条件和催化剂的研究进展情况;分析比较了各种合成工艺的优劣,介绍了国内外的最新生产情况和未来的研究发展趋势.     

酯交换法碳酸二甲酯生产技术的市场分析

作为一种绿色基础化工原料,碳酸二甲酯具有广泛的用途。介绍了碳酸二甲酯的几种生产技术如光气法、甲醇氧化羰基化法和酯交换法,并进行了分析比较。从酯交换法的主产品碳酸二甲酯和副产品丙(乙)二醇的市场来看,酯交换法具有较大发展空间,应尽快加速发展与推广。     

酶催化合成高纯度甘油中碳酸单酯

研究了无溶剂体系中脂肪酶LRI催化合成甘油中碳酸单酯(MG)。得到适宜的反应条件为:反应温度57℃,n(酸)∶n(甘油)=1∶1 1,加酶量100U/g(酸),甘油初始含水量w(H2O)=12%,封闭物系反应4h转敞开物系反应6h。产物中甘油中碳酸单酯质量分数w(MG)=42 20%。将n(酸)∶n(甘油)降低至1∶9,反应时间缩短至4h,粗产物经脱甘油和脱酸处理,可获得高纯度甘油中碳酸单酯。纯化后产品中基本不含游离酸及甘油,其中甘油中碳酸单酯质量分数w(MG)=73 65%。过量加入的甘油全部可以回收利用,其平衡转化率降低不超过2%。