酶工程在功能食品开发中的应用

酶工程是现代生物技术的重要组成部分。酶作为生物催化剂,具有高催化效率,强专一性,反应条件温和及酶活性可以调控,已广泛应用于食品加工。本文介绍了酶工程在无乳糖牛乳、低胆固醇乳脂乳、低变应原米、活性多糖、功能性低聚糖、糖醇、活性肽及氨基酸、功能性油脂、核苷酸、维生素、微量活性元素、糖苷开发中的应用。     

酱油曲菌的选择及酱油发酵条件

研究了日本酱油生产菌AspergillusoryzaeJP DQ 1,AspergillusoryzaeJP W和我国酱油生产菌AspergillusoryzaeAS3.951的酶系。结果表明:3种菌在浓酱油曲和白酱油曲培养基上均可产生α 淀粉酶、糖化酶、纤维素外切酶、果胶酶、酸性蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶;JP W是较好的白酱油生产菌,JP DQ 1是较好的浓酱油生产菌。还对酱油酵母的生理特性进行了部分研究,发现食盐浓度对酱油酵母生长影响较大,酱油发酵过程的盐浓度不宜超过3mol／L,低于2mol／L更佳。酱油酵母的较适生长pH为4.5～5.5。     

沙门氏菌产草酸盐降解酶的性质及其酶作用条件

沙门氏菌产草酸盐降解酶,能够降解草酸或草酸钙。对草酸盐降解酶性质作了分析,结果表明,酶作用的最适温度为40℃,最适pH值为7.0,最适底物浓度为30%,金属离子Na+、Mg2+、K+、Cu2+、NH4+对酶无明显的激活抑制作用。     

酶对馒头品质影响研究

探讨了脂乳酶、脂肪酶、葡萄糖氧化酶、α 淀粉酶及戊聚糖酶对馒头的体积、白度、内部结构、高径比、比容等的影响.结果表明:脂乳酶5mg/kg或葡萄糖氧化酶7mg/kg时,馒头高径比最大;α 淀粉酶5mg/kg或戊聚糖酶3mg/kg时,馒头比容最大.     

GigaMatrix: an ultra high-throughput tool for accessing biodiversity

Recombinant approaches for tapping into the biodiversity present in nature for the discovery of novel enzymes and biosynthetic pathways can result in large gene libraries. Likewise, laboratory evolution techniques can result in large but potentially valuable libraries. Thorough screening of these libraries requires ultra high-throughput methods. The GigaMatrix^™ screening platform addresses this opportunity using reusable high-density plates with 100,000 to 1,000,000 through-hole wells in a microplate footprint. In addition to throughputs of over 10⁷ wells per day, the platform offers a significant reduction in reagent use and waste, has fully integrated automated “cherry picking,” and uses no complicated dispensing equipment. Wells containing putative hits from targeted fluorescent liquid phase assays are revealed by a fluorescent imaging system. Vision-guided robotics are utilized to recover hits by accessing individual 200 μm and smaller wells with a disposable sterile needle. The GigaMatrix platform has proven to be an effective and efficient tool for screening gene libraries for both discovery and evolution applications.     

金属与非金属纳米颗粒增强葡萄糖生物传感器

为了提高葡萄糖传感器的灵敏度和抗干扰性,利用纳米增强效应,以Au、Ag、Pt、SiO2纳米颗粒及金属-无机复合纳米颗粒与聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)构成复合固定酶膜基质,采用溶胶-凝胶法固定葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD),组成葡萄糖生物传感器.研究表明,纳米颗粒可以大幅度地提高固定化酶的催化活性,增加电极的电流响应灵敏度,改进生物传感器的抗干扰性能,使信噪比提高了32倍.     

患病草鱼主要消化酶活性变化的研究

分析了健康鱼和患肠炎病草鱼的淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性。其淀粉酶最适pH值均为7．2，蛋白酶最适pH值分别为7．0和6．0；其淀粉酶最适温度分别为30℃和35℃，蛋白酶最适温度均为40℃，且患肠炎病草鱼蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性较健康鱼低，但pH值在5．7以下时，患病鱼的蛋白酶活性较健康鱼高；温度在28℃以下时，患病鱼的淀粉酶活性比健康鱼高。     

锰酶及其模拟物研究进展

对生物体内和模拟的含锰金属酶，即含锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn—SOD)、含锰的过氧化氢酶(Mn—catalase)及含锰的光合成氧释放配合物(Mn—OEC)的结构、活性部位、催化作用机理及其模型化合物的研究进展进行了综述。     

Extraction,optimisation and characterisation of phenolics from Thymus vulgaris L.: phenolic content and profiles in relation to antioxidant,antidiabetic and antihypertensive properties

The objectives of this study were to examine varying extraction conditions of Thymus vulgaris L. as related to phenolic content and profiles of the extracts and their antioxidant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic properties. Phenolics were extracted under various conditions pertaining to free and bound phenolics, solvent type and combination of extraction time and temperature, and these extracts were evaluated in terms of their antioxidant activities and inhibitory activities of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase. The acetone–water solvent mixture (1:1; v/v) produced the extract with the greatest phenolic content, antioxidant activity and inhibitory activities of ACE and α‐glucosidase. The optimal extraction temperature for maximum phenolic content and antioxidant activity associated with methanol extraction was 60 °C, whereas a lower temperature at 40 °C was required to maximise inhibitory activities for ACE, α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase. An inverse relationship was seen between antioxidant and glucosidase inhibitory activities vs. the ACE and α‐amylase inhibitory activities, which suggests the need for extractions to be directed to specific bioactivities of thyme extracts. Generally, the results indicate major differences in phenolic profiles among the tested extraction conditions with thymol as the predominant phenolic seen in most extractions, while gallic acid, rosmarinic acid or diosmin also predominated in other extracts. Extracts with the same predominant phenolic compound and similar phenolic content showed major disparities in their ACE, glucosidase and α‐amylase inhibitory activities, indicating that the major phenolic profiles of thyme extracts may not be necessarily related to the degree of inhibition of ACE, glucosidase and α‐amylase enzymes.     

Angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity of protein hydrolysates prepared from three freshwater carps (Catla catla,Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala) using Flavorzyme

Fish protein hydrolysates from three freshwater carps, Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala with different degree of hydrolysis (DH) (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%), were prepared using Flavorzyme enzyme and designated as HCF, HRF and HMF, respectively. The angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of hydrolysates was found to vary from 43 ± 2% to 71 ± 3%. Based on ACE inhibitory activity, HRF with DH‐15% was taken up for further study. The mode of ACE activity inhibition by HRF‐DH 15% was mixed type as revealed by Lineweaver–Burk plot. Sequential digestion of HRF‐DH 15% using pepsin and pancreatin decreased the ACE inhibitory activity from 76% to 63%. Partial purification of HRF‐DH 15% by size exclusion chromatography gave three different fractions designated as F‐1, F‐2 and F‐3 with the molecular mass in the range of 6456–407 Da. Fraction 2 had significantly higher ACE inhibitory activity than the other fractions.