分子修饰法制备油溶性茶多酚及其抗氧化性能的研究

采用分子修饰法制备了豆油脂肪酸酐修饰的茶多酚,通过红外光谱对分子修饰的茶多酚进行了结构表征。将修饰后的茶多酚作为油脂的抗氧化剂,添加到豆油中,考察其溶解性及抗氧化性能。结果表明,有机基团修饰的茶多酚具有优良的分散性,可提高豆油的抗氧化性能。在相同浓度时,豆油脂肪酸酐修饰的茶多酚抗氧化活性优于茶多酚和BHT。     

Lowland rice response to potassium fertilization and its effect on N and P uptake

Not much is known about the response of lowland rice to K fertilization under Brazilian conditions. A field experiment was conducted during four consecutive years to determine the response of three lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to K fertilization on a Low Humic Gley soil. In the first two years, K was broadcast at rates of 0, 42, 84, 126, and 168 kg K ha^–1. In the last two years K rates were reduced to 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg K ha^–1 and applied in a band. Potassium significantly (P < 0.01) increased grain yields but the response varied from cultivar to cultivar and year to year. Yield responses to K fertilization were superimposed on a general trend of increasing grain yields across the four growing seasons. Mean grain yields increased 14.3% with broadcast application of K in the first two years and 10.4% with banded application of K in the last two years when compared to the control treatments. Extractable soil K increased with K application rate and decreased with soil depth. Potassium was rapidly removed from the soil and yearly broadcast or banded application of K can be expected to result in a significant increase in grain yield of lowland rice in these soils.     

Effect of excess boron fertilization on status and availability of boron in calcareous soils

Field experiments were conducted at Al-Qatif area in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia to study the status and availability of B under B fertilization regime in three types of calcareous soils and to evaluate the response of two alfalfa varieties, Hassawi (local variety) and Hyden (american variety), to increasing levels of added B.Boron was applied at 7 rates as Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O. Four cuttings were taken from each site at different intervals. Data showed that extractable B by hot-water and NH₄HCO₃-DTPA (8 days after borax application) was significantly (p <0.001) affected by soil type and B applications. The amount of B recovered by hot-water from the three soils, 200 days after borax application, was in the following order: sandy loam > sandy clay loam > clay loam.Total dry matter of alfalfa (4 cuttings) was significantly (p <0.05) affected by soil type, borax application rates and alfalfa variety.The critical level of B in plant as determined by Cate and Nelson analysis, ranged from 148 to 652 mg kg^–1 dry matter for Hassawi cultivar and 138 to 521 mg kg^–1 for Hyden cultivar in the first harvest. However, the upper critical levels for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th harvests were 800, 875 and 935 mg B kg^–1 dry matter for Hassawi and 603, 723 and 812 mg B kg^–1 for Hyden varieties, respectively. Nevertheless, the lower critical levels for 2nd, 3rd and 4th harvests ranged from 148 to 153 mg B kg^–1 dry matter for Hassawi and 138 to 142 mg B kg^–1 for Hyden.     

Effect of ortho- and pyrophosphates on dissolution of Fe,Al, Si,Ca, and organic C in three soils

Phosphate application changes chemical properties of surface soils, consequently influencing crop nutrient availability and pedological process. Sodium ortho- (OP) or pyrophosphate (PP) was equilibrated with three Quebec soils: an Uplands sand (Orthic-Podzol), a St. Bernard loam (Eutric-Cambisol), and a Dalhousie clay (Humic Gleysol) in 0.03 M KClO₄ solution at an initial pH 6.0. Both autoclaved and nonautoclaved soils were used, and dissolution of Fe, Al, Si, Ca and organic C was studied.Concentrations of Fe and Al in OP equilibrated solutions were not detectable. Ca solubility was reduced while dissolution of Si and organic C was increased in the presence of OP. These changes were possibly due to P—Ca precipitates or increased Ca sorption by P, and competition between OP and Si or organic materials for sorption sites. PP enhanced dissolution of Fe, Al, Si and organic C but reduced solubility of Ca. Comparisons showed that PP added to autoclaved soils had greater effects on increasing dissolutions of Fe, Al, Si and organic C and on reducing Ca solubility than OP in both autoclaved and nonautoclaved soils. Autoclaving resulted in greater dissolution of organic C. Dissolved Si with added OP was greater with nonautoclaved soils probably due to more P sorption in the nonautoclaved system, compared with autoclaved soil. Added PP dissolved Fe and Al ions which may ultimately enhance P precipitation by forming less soluble compounds upon hydrolysis of PP to OP.     

Antioxidant properties and composition of Majorana syriaca extracts

Majorana syriaca is an important food‐flavouring ingredient in the Middle Eastern culture known commonly as Za'atar. The components of the plant were extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus sequentially with solvents of increasing polarity, specifically with petroleum ether (P), diethyl ether (D), ethyl acetate (EAc), and ethanol (E). The activity of the extracts to scavenge the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH^?) followed the order D > E > EAc > P. Moreover, the antioxidant activity in corn oil at concentrations of 200, 500 and 1000 ppm was monitored through peroxide value and conjugated hydroperoxide measurements and revealed that D and E extracts resulted in the highest protection followed by EAc and P extracts. Increasing the concentration from 200 to 500 ppm depressed peroxide formation, while a further increase had no effect. The main components of the P extract according to GS‐MS analysis were thymol (42.89%) and carvacrol (42.75%). The remaining extracts comprise flavonoids and phenolic acids that provide the antiradical and antioxidant activity.     

以茶多酚为主体的抗氧化剂联用对冷却肉保鲜作用的研究

研究了茶多酚及其分别与维生素E(VE)、维生素C(VC)、(VE VC)联用对冷却肉的保鲜作用,探讨了各组抗氧化剂的保鲜机理.结果表明:茶多酚对冷却肉具有显著的保鲜效果,它与Vε、VC、(VE VC)联合使用时有增效作用.保鲜效果顺序为:茶多酚 VC VE＞茶多酚 VE＞茶多酚 VC＞茶多酚＞对照组.     

气相色谱法测定茶多酚中的氯仿和乙酸乙酯残留

以正已烷为萃取剂,对茶多酚(TP)水溶液进行萃取,用气相色谱法分析了TP溶液中的残迹物氯仿和乙酸乙酯。色谱柱为2m×3mmi.d.不锈钢填充柱,固定相为10%的PEG20M,载体为ChromosorbW/WA。氯仿和乙酸乙酯的回收率分别为96.7%～104.3%和98.5%～103.6%;相对标准偏差分别为3.5%和1.7%;最低检测限分别为0.50ug/和0.36ug/g。     

提高啤酒稳定性的研究

啤酒的胶体稳定性仍然是目前大多数啤酒厂面临的主要问题。实践中的统计数据表明，胶体稳定性的问题不是由单一因素造成的，而是多种因素相互影响、相互加强，并贯穿于生产过程中。综合优化工艺技术条件是提高啤酒稳定性的最行之有效的措施。     

Influence of ethanol/water ratio in ultrasound and high‐pressure/high‐temperature phenolic compound extraction from agri‐food waste

The valorisation and management of agri‐food waste are currently hot investigation topics which probe the recovery of valuable compounds, such as polyphenols. In this study, high‐pressure/high‐temperature extraction (HPTE) and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) have been used to study the recovery of phenolic compounds from grape marc and olive pomace in hydroalcoholic solutions. The main phenolic compounds in both extracts were identified by HPLC‐DAD. Besides extraction yield (total polyphenol and flavonoid content) and the antiradical power, polyphenol degradation under HPTE and UAE has also been studied. HPTE with ethanol 75% gave higher phenolic extraction yields: 73.8 ± 1.4 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried matter and 60.0 mg of caffeic acid equivalents per gram of dried matter for grape marc and olive pomace, respectively. In this study, the efficient combination of ethanol/water mixture with HPTE or UAE has been used to enhance the recovery of phenolic compounds from grape marc and olive pomace. HPLC‐DAD showed that UAE prevents phenolic species degradation damage because of its milder operative conditions.