Characterisation of yoghurt enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids by using walnut slurry

This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical, chemical, rheological, sensorial and microbiological properties of yoghurt enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The PUFA‐enriched yoghurt was prepared with walnut slurry (10%?50%) and skimmed milk (50%?90%). Compared with the control yoghurt, it contained a lower content of protein, potassium, sodium and phosphorus, and a higher content of fat, iron, magnesium and zinc. Moreover, it exhibited a lower syneresis value and a higher water‐holding capacity value. Its fat was rich in omega fatty acids, mainly linoleic and linolenic acids. These research findings revealed that walnut slurry could be used in yoghurt manufacture to develop fermented milk products as functional foods, especially when enriched with omega fatty acids.     

发酵香肠理化特性和感官质量相关性研究

对市售26种发酵香肠的理化特性和感官指标及相互间相关关系进行了研究。通过酸价、酸度、过氧化值、游离脂肪酸、pH值、挥发性盐基氮、水分含量、脂肪含量、直径与感官质量评测发现，市售各品种发酵香肠理化特性与感官质量指标存在较大差异，理化特性和感官质量的相关性研究表明，水分含量，酸价，游离脂肪酸，pH值等应作为发酵香肠品质设计、管理的必要理化指标。     

随机扩增多态性法分析西藏牦牛奶酪中乳酸菌的遗传多样性

目的：利用随机扩增多态性（randomly amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD）法对西藏地区牦牛奶酪中27 株乳酸菌基因型进行同源性分析。方法：利用5 个随机引物对Mg2+浓度、dNTP用量、退火温度、模版用量/引物用量（ng/pmol）4 个条件做单因素梯度试验,建立最佳反应条件,筛选最佳引物,然后对27 株乳酸菌和4 株乳酸菌标准菌株进行随机扩增,用NTsys 2.10e软件对扩增条带进行聚类和遗传相似性系数分析,分析结果与16S rRNA测序得到的菌种鉴定结果进行对比。结果：31 株菌遗传相似系数在0.72～1.00之间,当相似性系数在0.82时,菌株被分成了8 组,菌株按照不同种属聚类,聚类结果同16S rRNA测序结果基本一致,同时成功将Lactobacillus casei和Lactobacillus paracasei两个亚种区分开。结论：RAPD技术可以较好地应用于西藏地区牦牛奶酪中乳酸菌亲缘性关系分析。     

Effects of additional milk replacer feeding on calf health, growth, and selected blood metabolites in calves

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate effects of increased milk replacer feeding on growth, intake, feed efficiency, and health parameters in stressed calves. Holstein bull calves (n = 120; approximately 3 to 8 d of age) were purchased from sale barns and dairy farms and housed in fiberglass hutches. In addition, wood shavings contaminated with coronavirus were mixed with clean shavings and added to each hutch before the start of the experiment. Calves were fed either a fixed amount (454 g/d) of a 20% crude protein (CP), 20% fat milk replacer to weaning at 28 d or a variable amount (454, 681, 908, and 454 g/d on d 0 to 7, 8 to 14, 15 to 31, and 32 to 41, respectively) of a milk replacer containing 28% CP and 17% fat without or with added dietary supplement containing bovine serum. Calves were also fed commercial calf starter and water ad libitum. Plasma IgG concentration in most calves on arrival at the facility was < 10 g/L. Intake, change in body weight, feed efficiency, morbidity and mortality, and selected plasma metabolites were determined. Body weight at 28 d, 56 d, daily body weight gain, intake of milk replacer, fecal scores, days with diarrhea, and days treated with antibiotics were increased with feeding variable amount of milk replacer over the 56-d study. Starter intake from d 1 to 56 was reduced from 919 to 717 g/d in calves fed fixed and variable amounts of milk replacer, respectively. Morbidity, measured as the number of days that calves had diarrhea, was increased by 53% when a variable amount of milk replacer was fed. Calves fed variable milk replacer were treated with antibiotics for 3.1 d compared with 1.9 d for calves fed 454 g of milk replacer/d. Concentrations of plasma glucose, urea N, and insulin-like growth factor-I were increased when calves were fed variable amount of milk replacer. Dietary supplement containing bovine serum had no effect on any parameter measured. There was no effect of milk replacer feeding on concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, total protein, or growth hormone concentrations. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α was highest in calves with the highest plasma IgG concentrations on the day of arrival and might be related to the calf's ability to identify pathogens in the environment. Under conditions of this study, calves fed variable amount of milk replacer and exposed to immunological challenge before weaning had greater BW gain, but also increased incidence of diarrhea that required added veterinary treatments.     

Folate‐producing lactic acid bacteria from cow’s milk with probiotic characteristics

The probiotic potential of newly isolated lactic acid bacteria from cow’s milk was analysed and the efficacy of the selected isolates to produce folic acid was determined by microbiological assay. Two isolates, CM 22 and CM 28 were selected for folate production in skim milk medium and the net folate yield was 12.5 ng and 14.2 ng/mL respectively. The two isolates (CM 22 and CM 28) showed more than 98% similarity to Lactococcus subsp. cremoris and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis respectively by 16S rRNA sequencing.     

腐竹护色工艺的机理研究

通过研究腐竹制作全工艺过程中色泽变化的机理,从而找到腐竹护色的最佳工艺条件。研究表明:在保温挑皮过程的前2/3时间段内豆浆的浓度5.0%、pH 7.0、温度控制在85~90℃,到了最后的1/3时间段内豆浆温度降至80~85℃,并且加入亚硫酸氢钠(重量比为NaHSO3∶干豆=1∶30)的条件下形成的腐竹色泽最好,出品率高。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定乳粉中的铅含量

以氯化钯和硝酸镁为基体改进剂，用石墨炉原子吸收法测定乳粉中的铅含量。当铅的质量浓度在0．5～30μg／L时与吸光度呈线性相关，线性方程为Y=118．275X-0．0831，相关系数为0.992。对乳粉中的铅进行测定，铅的加标回收率为95．8％～98.4%，测定结果的相对标准偏差为1．86％～2．80％。     

山羊乳酪蛋白酶解物制备及体外抗氧化活性研究

以自由基清除能力、金属离子螯合能力和抗脂质过氧化能力为指标,采用均匀试验研究山羊乳酪蛋白酶解物的制备及其体外抗氧化活性,并且比较自由基清除能力的方法。结果表明：山羊乳酪蛋白适宜的酶解工艺为在60g/kg的底物浓度下,中性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶的添加量分别为4000U/g和250U/g,45℃、pH7.5条件下酶解24h。山羊乳酪蛋白经酶解后其体外抗氧化活性显著增强。山羊乳酪蛋白酶解物 ·OH清除率的EC50值是其蛋白的3.59倍,ABTS＋ ·的清除能力是其蛋白的158.72倍,螯合Fe2＋的能力是其蛋白的5.44倍;在亚油酸体系中抗脂质过氧化能力强于TBHQ,与VE相当。清除 ·OH、DPPH自由基、O2－ ·和ABTS＋ ·的方法不能相互替代。     

薏苡仁酸奶的流变性及工艺条件的优化研究

实验用复原乳制备薏苡仁酸奶,研究其流变学性质。结果显示,与生鲜乳相比,复原乳酸奶粘度显著提高,但感官性质（口感、色泽、滋味等）下降,持水力也降低。通过均质处理可以提高酸奶的品质,最佳均质压力为20MPa,且当白砂糖的添加量为6%～8%,薏苡仁提取液添加量为4%时,薏苡仁酸奶品质最佳。     

原料乳中体细胞数与UHT乳中酪蛋白成分的关系研究

研究了原料乳中体细胞数与15批次UHT乳样本中酪蛋白成分之间的关系。将原料乳巴氏杀菌后进行超高温处理。分别于8,30,60,90和120 d采集贮藏于室温条件下的UHT乳样本,并使用高效液相色谱法对酪蛋白成分进行分析。体细胞数范围1.97×105～8×105 mL-1。体细胞数与原料乳或UHT乳中的κ-酪蛋白质量浓度之间没有相关性(P<0.05)。原料乳中αs2-酪蛋白和β-酪蛋白与体细胞数呈负相关(P<0.05)。UHT乳中,αs1-酪蛋白(P<0.05)和β-酪蛋白(P<0.05)与体细胞数在贮藏第8天呈负相关,αs2-(P<0.01)与体细胞数在贮藏第60天呈负相关。结果表明,原料乳中体细胞数较高与β-酪蛋白和αs-酪蛋白的大量水解有关,并且可能导致UHT乳在贮藏期内出现质量问题。