Experimental studies on characteristics of fire whirl in a vertical shaft

An internal fire whirl can be generated readily in a tall shaft model with appropriate gap width at one corner. Experimental study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the characteristics of an IFW and the corner gap width in a 9‐m‐tall vertical shaft model. The vertical shaft had a 2.1 m by 2.1 m square section with gasoline pool fire of different diameters burning inside. The gap width was varied to investigate its impact on fire whirl characteristics, such as flame development, swirling intensity, flame height, flame temperature, and heat release rate of the gasoline pool fire. Vigorous flame swirling motions were generated when the ratio of the gap width to the shaft section perimeter was within the range 0.16 to 0.21. From the flame streamline angle, it was observed that the swirling component was much stronger than buoyancy component near the bottom of burning region. The swirling component decreased and became roughly the same as buoyancy near the middle. Finally, it diminished to being much weaker than buoyancy near the top of the fire. These observations suggest that the Froude number Fr decreased from a large number to 1, and then continued to decrease to 0.     

Flame retardant finishing of the polyester/cotton blend fabric using a cross‐linkable hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer

Blend fabrics of cotton and polyester are widely used in apparel, but high flammability becomes a major obstacle for applications of those fabrics in fire protective clothing. The objective of this research was to investigate the flame retardant finishing of a 50/50 polyester/cotton blend fabric. It was discovered previously that N,N′‐dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) was able to bond a hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer (HFPO) onto 50/50 nylon/cotton blend fabrics. In this research, the HFPO/DMDHEU system was applied to a 50/50 polyester/cotton twill fabric. The polyester/cotton fabric treated with 36% HFPO and 10% DMDHEU achieved char length of 165 mm after 20 laundering cycles. The laundering durability of the treated fabric was attributed to the formation of polymeric cross‐linked networks. The HFPO/DMDHEU system significantly reduced peak heat release rate (PHRR) of cotton on the treated polyester/cotton blend fabric, but its effects on polyester were marginal. HFPO/DMDHEU reduced PHRR of both nylon and cotton on the treated nylon/cotton fabric. It was also discovered that the nitrogen of DMDHEU was synergistic to enhance the flame retardant performance of HFPO on the polyester/cotton fabric.     

不同消解方法对土壤中铜锌测定的影响

采用微波消解法和石墨消解法对土壤样品进行预处理,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中铜和锌的含量。对3个土壤标准物质(GSS-17、GSS-30、GSS-34)的精密度和准确度进行了分析,结果表明:微波消解法和石墨消解法的检出限、精密度和准确度均能满足土壤检测的要求,石墨消解法相对于微波消解法更加便捷,具有很好的精密度和准确度。     

阻燃POM的热降解动力学研究

采用双螺杆挤出机制备了APP/MC/DPER/novolak阻燃POM材料,对材料进行了TGA测试,采用Flynn-WallOzawa方法、Starink方法两种动力学方法研究了阻燃POM的热降解动力学。由这两种方法计算得到的结果较为吻合,结果表明,阻燃剂的添加使POM材料的热降解活化能先下降后升高,说明阻燃剂先于POM分解并生成耐热性好的残炭。     

无卤阻燃剂二乙基次膦酸铝的表面改性

硅烷偶联剂KH550,KH560和KH570被用于对二乙基次膦酸铝粉体阻燃剂的表面改性。经该法改性的二乙基次膦酸铝粉体的吸水率被明显降低,在PBT中的相容性被提高,并且在PBT中的分散度也得到提高。该改性方法有效地解决了利用化学沉淀法制备该阻燃剂时粉体易团聚的问题。     

汽油中铁、铅含量的测定

针对原有测量标准进行微调,选用商品标准溶液稀释、配制成一系列的工作溶液。选择合适的测量条件,用火焰吸收法测定了汽油中铁、铅离子的含量。针对新方法的检出限、准确度、回收率等进行了讨论,确定了新方法的可行性以及测量的最佳条件、测量特性。     

膨胀型阻燃剂/聚乙烯的制备与性能研究

聚乙烯(PE)被广泛应用于电子、电器、化工、机械等领域。聚乙烯在燃烧时会产生熔融滴落现象,燃烧的滴落物可使其它可燃物着火,加速了火灾的蔓延和扩大。为满足防火和环境安全的要求,常常需要对聚乙烯采取阻燃处理。首先合成了双环笼状磷酸酯1-氧基磷杂-4-羟甲基-2,6,7-三氧杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷(PEPA)。然后将合成的膨胀型阻燃剂PEPA均匀的掺杂在PE中,形成了膨胀型阻燃剂/PE体系。之后研究了PEPA的含量对PE阻燃性能的影响。实验表明,随着PEPA的含量增加,阻燃等级达到FV-0,拉伸强度下降。     

片层状镁铝复合阻燃剂的制备工艺研究

通过共沉淀法合成了片层状镁铝复合阻燃剂,采用正交试验研究了反应温度、反应时间、镁离子起始浓度对层间距及生长机制的影响。结果表明,反应温度为85 ℃,反应时间为1 h,镁离子起始浓度为1.5 mol/L时,得到层间距d（003）达到0.797 89 nm的层状镁铝复合阻燃剂。同时采用透射电镜（TEM）、热重-差热分析（TG-DTA）对最优化产品进行表征。结果显示,产品为片状卷曲结构,分散性好,热分解温度高。     

Phosphorylated sodium alginate/APP/DPER intumescent flame retardant used for polypropylene

Flame-retardant polypropylene (FR-PP) materials are realized by use of natural-sourced flame-retardant materials. Phosphorylated sodium alginate, ammonium polyphosphate, and dipentaerythritol are used to create an intumescent flame retardant (IFR). This realized flame retardant is embedded into polypropylene (PP) through melt blending method. The components, chemical structures, thermal properties, and degradation mechanisms of the samples are characterized by infrared spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and cone calorimeter test. The results indicate that an effective IFR is obtained due to gas phase and condensed phase synergistic flame-retardant ability during combustion and degradation of FR-PP. This work presents a facile method for preparing FR-PP with efficient flame retardancy. This study is a first proof of concept for an innovative flame retardant, which could find application in future in the fields of automotive industry and the construction of electronic devices. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47794.     

密闭空间内聚乙烯粉尘爆炸火焰传播特性的实验研究

采用竖直、可视粉尘爆炸火焰传播实验平台,结合粒子图像测速PIV技术测得喷粉的冷态流场分布,研究聚乙烯粉尘在密闭容器内的爆炸火焰传播特性,探讨火焰结构与锋面位置的动态变化、火焰传播速度等参数的变化规律。结果表明,在200～1000 g/m³浓度范围内,低浓度聚乙烯粉尘爆炸火焰呈不连续片羽状结构,火焰锋面呈离散的星点状。粉尘浓度增加,火焰连续性及亮度增强,锋面呈齿状,并在400 g/m³火焰最明亮,火焰平均传播速度均随粉尘浓度的增加先增大后减小。采用均方根湍流速度量化体系整体脉动幅度,浓度接近最佳爆炸浓度400 g/m³时,均方根湍流速度为3.21 m/s。