黄酒对便秘模型小鼠通便及肠道菌群的影响

研究黄酒对小鼠通便功能作用及便秘小鼠肠道菌群的影响。 体质量、小肠墨汁推进率、首粒黑便排出时间、粪便质量实验结 果表明,高剂量黄酒能够延缓小鼠体质量增长,黄酒未能显著促进便秘小鼠肠道蠕动、缩短首粒黑便排出时间,未能显著增加便秘小 鼠粪便质量。16S rDNA测序分析结果显示,高剂量和中剂量组在物种丰富度上显著高于模型对照组（P＜0.05）;高剂量黄酒能够上调 Akkermansia muciniphila、乳杆菌的比例;下调拟杆菌（Bacteroides）、肠球菌（Enterococcus）、梭菌（Clostridium）和变形杆菌（Proteus）的 比例。 在实验剂量下,未见黄酒具有明显的通便功能作用,黄酒对便秘小鼠肠道菌群结构有调节作用。     

Bovine milk oligosaccharides decrease gut permeability and improve inflammation and microbial dysbiosis in diet-induced obese mice

Obesity is characterized by altered gut homeostasis, including dysbiosis and increased gut permeability closely linked to the development of metabolic disorders. Milk oligosaccharides are complex sugars that selectively enhance the growth of specific beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and could be used as prebiotics. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the effects of bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMO) and Bifidobacterium longum ssp. infantis (B. infantis) on restoring diet-induced obesity intestinal microbiota and barrier function defects in mice. Male C57/BL6 mice were fed a Western diet (WD, 40% fat/kcal) or normal chow (C, 14% fat/kcal) for 7 wk. During the final 2 wk of the study, the diet of a subgroup of WD-fed mice was supplemented with BMO (7% wt/wt). Weekly gavage of B. infantis was performed in all mice starting at wk 3, yet B. infantis could not be detected in any luminal contents when mice were killed. Supplementation of the WD with BMO normalized the cecal and colonic microbiota with increased abundance of Lactobacillus compared with both WD and C mice and restoration of Allobaculum and Ruminococcus levels to that of C mice. The BMO supplementation reduced WD-induced increase in paracellular and transcellular flux in the large intestine as well as mRNA levels of the inflammatory marker tumor necrosis factor α. In conclusion, BMO are promising prebiotics to modulate gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function for enhanced health.     

食用菌的益生元效应研究进展

肠道微生物在人类健康和疾病预防中起着重要作用。益生元因能对肠道菌群的结构和数量发挥调节作用,成为当前保健食品研究的热点。体内外实验研究表明食用菌对宿主肠道菌群有改善作用,能促进有益菌群(如乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌)的代谢和增殖,同时对病原菌(如大肠杆菌、梭状芽孢杆菌和沙门氏菌)有明显的抑制作用。食用菌发挥益生元作用的主要物质基础为其中的非消化性活性多糖。     

藏灵菇源克鲁维酵母菌M3调节大鼠肠道菌群平衡的研究

利用从藏灵菇中筛选出的发酵性能优良且产胆盐水解酶的马克斯克鲁维酵母菌M3菌株,制备冻干菌粉作为受试物进行动物实验,探讨其对预防性高胆固醇血症大鼠肠道菌群平衡的作用。采用预防高胆固醇血症大鼠模型,将40 只无特定病原体（specific pathogen free,SPF）级3 周龄的大鼠分为高脂模型组、低剂量、中剂量和高剂量实验组进行实验。实验组分别灌胃低、中、高剂量的受试物,高脂模型组灌胃蒸馏水,连续7 周。结果表明,前5 周4 组大鼠粪便中乳酸杆菌（lactobacilli）、沙门氏菌（Salmonella）、产气荚膜梭菌（Clostridium perfringens）的数量处于平缓变化状态,且3 个实验组与高脂模型组相比无显著性差异;5 周时,3 个实验组大鼠粪便中乳杆菌的数量极显著高于高脂模型组（P＜0.01）,沙门氏菌的数量极显著低于高脂模型组（P＜0.01）,产气荚膜梭菌的数量显著低于高脂模型组（P＜0.05）;其中低剂量组的乳杆菌数量最高而沙门氏菌和产气荚膜梭菌数量最低,说明低剂量实验组优于中、高剂量实验组。显示藏灵菇源克鲁维酵母菌M3能够调节高胆固醇血症大鼠肠道有益菌的生长,并抑制有害菌的繁殖,具有良好的调节肠道菌群平衡的效果。     

类泛素介导和热激响应协同提高酿酒酵母的热稳定性

通过调节类泛素和热激响应介导的酿酒酵母内部的活性蛋白质平衡,提高酵母细胞的热稳定性和乙醇发酵性能,从而达到工业生产中降低控温能耗的目的。将5个蛋白质平衡相关基因分别与调控基因FBA1p组合构建耐热元器件,并将其导入酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiaeINVSC1,通过梯度升温培养筛选得到能赋予酵母细胞较好耐热性的类泛素元器件FBA1p-atg8和热激蛋白元器件FBA1p-hsp104;其对应的工程菌S.c-ATG8和S.c-HSP104在40℃恒定培养下,OD₆₆₀值均比对照高50%以上(84h),细胞存活率分别是对照的1.64倍和3.01倍(72h),且都具有较好的细胞壁完整性及海藻糖合成量。将atg8与hsp104组合构建成双功能耐热元器件,其工程菌S.c-ATG8-HSP104在40℃恒定发酵的生长能力、细胞活力和乙醇生产能力都明显优于S.c-ATG8与S.c-HSP104。结果表明,通过类泛素介导与热激蛋白响应协同调节胞内活性蛋白质平衡可以有效地提高酿酒酵母的热稳定性。     

膳食纤维强化冻干山楂果对小鼠肠道健康的影响

本文研究了添加10%山楂膳食纤维的冻干山楂果(按质量比9:1)对小鼠肠道健康的影响。将小鼠按体重质量随机分为4组,分别为溶剂对照组和受试物1、2和4 g/(kg·d)剂量组。灌胃6周后,试验结束前连续3 d收集小鼠新鲜粪便,测定粪便质量、水分、pH值和短链脂肪酸(SCFA)含量。试验结束空腹过夜条件下测体重,处死小鼠,分离盲肠和结肠并测定质量;取盲肠和结肠内容物测定pH和盲肠酵解产物SCFA的含量;测定盲肠和结肠内容物中的双歧杆菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌、乳杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌的数量。分析添加10%山楂膳食纤维的冻干山楂果对小鼠肠道健康的影响。各剂量组与溶剂对照组相比,各项检测指标存在显著性差异(p0.05),结果表明添加10%山楂膳食纤维的冻干山楂果对小鼠肠道内环境健康具有改善调节作用。     

Inflammation amplification by versican: the first mediator

The effects of inflammation may not always benefit the individual. Its amplifying nature represents a highly regulated biological program, and the inflammatory microenvironment is its essential component. Growing evidence suggests that the ECM (extracellular matrix) is important for the early steps of inflammation. Versican, a ubiquitous component of the ECM, contributes to the formation of the inflammatory response and is highly regulated by cytokines. Certain cytokines exert their initial effects on versican to alter the homeostasis of the inflammatory milieu, and inappropriate production of versican may promote the next inflammatory response. Therefore, versican could be the first step in the amplification of the inflammatory response, and ongoing research of this molecule may help to explain the pathogenesis of inflammation.     

五粮浓香型白酒窖房和曲房空气细菌相关性的初步研究

从宜宾华夏酒业窖房和曲房空气中分离得到44株细菌,对所得菌株进行了16S rDNA基因系统发育及部分酿造特性分析。窖房和曲房空气的细菌在属和种一级的相似性分别为40.0%和36.4%,且均以Bacillus cereus、Bacillus anthracis细菌为优势种,表明2个细菌群落具有一定的相似性。分离自窖房空气的菌株有20株（占95.2%）耐受7%的无水乙醇,2株菌耐受pH4.5,且分别有2株、9株能够产纤维素酶和淀粉酶;分离自曲房空气的菌株均不耐受7%的乙醇和pH4.5,产纤维素酶和淀粉酶的菌株分别有6株、3株。结果表明,经过长期的酿酒生产,曲房和窖房空气中均形成了较为稳定的细菌区系,其菌落组成与酿酒生产存在较为密切的相关性。在生产中,2个细菌群落之间存在广泛的交流。